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Table 3 Mental and physical health and well-being measures of participants who completed both the initial and follow-up surveys

From: Mental and physical health and well-being of Canadian employees who were working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic

 

Total (n)

Initial

(Mean ± SD)

Follow-up

(Mean ± SD)

p-value

COPSOQ dimensions (max score = 5)

    

Quantitative Demands a

382

2.47 ± 0.97

2.53 ± 0.98

0.236

Influence at Work a

371

3.11 ± 1.02

3.10 ± 1.00

0.652

Predictability b

377

3.31 ± 0.99

3.33 ± 0.98

0.904

Recognition b

366

3.87 ± 1.06

3.81 ± 1.09

0.167

Role Clarity b

378

3.91 ± 0.92

3.91 ± 0.85

0.614

Role Conflict b

372

2.69 ± 1.12

2.65 ± 1.05

0.633

Quality of Leadership b

306

3.54 ± 1.17

3.47 ± 1.16

0.206

Social Support from Supervisor a

366

4.11 ± 1.05

4.05 ± 1.02

0.211

Social Support from Colleagues a

371

4.08 ± 0.90

4.07 ± 0.91

0.961

Sense of Community at Work a

377

3.97 ± 0.87

3.90 ± 0.86

0.076

Job Insecurity b

334

2.64 ± 1.23

2.44 ± 1.17

< 0.001

Insecurity over Working Conditions b

292

1.84 ± 1.00

1.66 ± 0.91

0.002

Job Satisfaction d

381

3.97 ± 1.09

4.01 ± 0.98

0.604

Vertical Trust b

352

3.73 ± 1.00

3.69 ± 0.96

0.222

Organizational Justice b

280

3.44 ± 1.06

3.51 ± 1.02

0.217

Burnout a

382

3.31 ± 0.90

3.19 ± 0.98

0.001

Stress a

382

3.09 ± 0.89

2.97 ± 0.98

0.001

Somatic Stress a

381

2.27 ± 0.84

2.20 ± 0.88

0.098

Cognitive Stress a

382

2.64 ± 0.87

2.68 ± 0.98

0.328

General Physical Health c

382

3.11 ± 0.95

3.07 ± 0.91

0.281

General Mental Health c

382

3.08 ± 0.99

2.91 ± 0.95

< 0.001

Work-family and family-work conflicts (max score = 7)

    

Work-family conflict e

382

3.25 ± 1.70

3.18 ± 1.64

0.168

Family-work conflict e

382

2.58 ± 1.54

2.65 ± 1.55

0.275

Satisfaction with division of childcare and household tasks (max score = 5)

    

Childcare tasks f

75

3.81 ± 1.17

3.60 ± 1.22

0.125

Household tasks f

332

3.68 ± 1.20

3.64 ± 1.20

0.515

WFH experience g (max score = 5)

    

I can get help and feedback from my work colleagues, if needed h

375

2.76 ± 0.83

3.00 ± 0.71

< 0.001

I can get help and feedback from my immediate supervisor, if needed h

370

2.89 ± 0.81

2.98 ± 0.78

0.095

I receive information that keeps me in touch with workplace events and developments h

376

2.88 ± 0.87

2.99 ± 0.77

0.026

I feel a good sense of community with my work colleagues h

376

2.54 ± 1.03

2.82 ± 0.83

< 0.001

Trying to work productively is stressful or frustrating h

375

3.07 ± 1.17

3.01 ± 0.95

0.290

Work interferes with my home or family life h

375

2.89 ± 1.14

2.90 ± 0.96

0.767

I often feel tired or exhausted h

377

3.27 ± 1.18

3.28 ± 1.01

0.764

I enjoy my work and the job overall h

376

3.15 ± 1.05

3.10 ± 0.93

0.299

Pain score (max score = 12)

    

Neck and shoulders i

379

3.70 ± 3.15

3.33 ± 2.96

0.004

Hands and fingers i

381

1.46 ± 2.25

1.51 ± 2.34

0.581

Arms i

381

1.07 ± 2.01

0.96 ± 1.92

0.204

Middle and/or lower back i

381

3.17 ± 3.15

3.18 ± 3.31

0.512

Hips, bottom, legs, or feet i

381

2.19 ± 2.80

2.43 ± 3.12

0.402

Sedentary behaviour (% of time)

    

During work hours

    

Sitting

382

84.37 ± 17.88

82.90 ± 19.48

0.035

Standing

382

8.66 ± 11.98

9.67 ± 13.57

0.196

Walking

382

5.91 ± 7.24

5.95 ± 7.51

0.831

Performing heavy labour or physically demanding tasks

382

0.40 ± 2.85

0.43 ± 2.39

0.340

During non-work hours

    

Sitting

382

50.35 ± 24.75

48.70 ± 23.08

0.178

Standing

382

22.82 ± 16.77

21.34 ± 14.41

0.108

Walking

382

21.12 ± 15.05

22.27 ± 14.87

0.332

Performing heavy labour or physically demanding tasks

382

4.28 ± 8.16

5.44 ± 8.45

0.014

  1. a Measured on a 5-point scale from never (1) to always (5)
  2. b Measured on a 5-point scale from to a very small extent (1) to to a very large extent (5)
  3. c Measured on a 5-point scale from poor (1) to excellent (5)
  4. d Measured on a 5-point scale from very unsatisfied (1) to very satisfied (5)
  5. e Measured on a 7-point scale from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (7)
  6. f Measured on a 5-point scale from very dissatisfied (1) to very satisfied (5).
  7. g In initial survey, participants compared their WFH experience to their pre-pandemic work situation. In follow-up survey, they compared their WFH experience to their work situation six months ago.
  8. h Measured on a 5-point scale from much less than before (1) to much more than before (5).
  9. i Pain score was calculated by multiplying the pain frequency (measured on a 5-point scale from never (0) to almost always (4)) and pain severity (measured on a 3-point scale from mild (1) to severe (3)).
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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