Skip to main content

Table 5 Child health and intestinal parasitic infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

From: Water, sanitation, hygiene practices, health and nutritional status among children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal evidence from remote areas of Dailekh and Achham districts in Nepal

Health variables

[N (%)]

P-value

Dailekh [n (%)]

P-value

Achham [n (%)]

P-value

Persistencea of child health problems (95% CI) (OR)c

P-value

Incidenceb of child health problems (95% CI) (OR)c

P-value

Baseline [n (%)]

Endline [n (%)]

Baseline [n (%)]

Endline [n (%)]

Baseline [n (%)]

Endline [n (%)]

Child suffered from illness in past 7 days

             

 Fever

294 (41.1)

81 (16.8)

0.01

137 (38.5)

27 (11.1)

0.01

157 (43.7)

54 (22.3)

0.01

0.44 (0.11–1.73)

0.24

0.31 (0.11–0.89)

0.03

 Cough

264 (36.9)

70 (14.4)

0.01

126 (35.4)

25 (10.2)

0.01

138 (38.4)

45 (18.6)

0.01

0.70 (0.18–2.68)

0.60

0.13 (0.05–0.38)

0.01

 Respiratory illness

102 (14.3)

21 (4.3)

0.002

39 (11.0)

5 (2.1)

0.001

63 (17.5)

16 (6.6)

0.01

0.02 (0.01–3.40)

0.14

0.04 (0.07–0.28)

0.01

 Diarrhea

140 (19.6)

46 (9.5)

0.01

69 (19.4)

3 (1.2)

0.01

71 (19.8)

43 (17.8)

1.00

0.19 (0.01–3.12)

0.24

0.60 (0.05–0.75)

0.03

 Blood in stool

25 (3.5)

28 (5.8)

0.69

5 (1.4)

2 (0.8)

0.41

20 (5.6)

26 (10.7)

0.02

n/a

n/a

0.03 (0.004–0.24)

0.01

 Mucus in stool

27 (3.8)

43 (8.8)

0.13

8 (2.3)

1 (0.4)

0.01

19 (5.3)

42 (17.4)

0.32

n/a

n/a

0.06 (0.004–0.84)

0.04

 Blood in urine

3 (0.4)

2 (0.4)

0.32

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

0.32

3 (0.8)

1 (0.4)

1.00

n/a

n/a

0.01 (0.01–0.43)

0.01

Intestinal parasites

             

 Ascaris lumbricoides

88 (20.6)

34 (7.1)

0.01

68 (38.4)

16 (6.8)

0.01

20 (8.0)

18 (7.9)

0.85

**

**

0.11 (0.02–0.53)

0.01

 Trichuris trichura

5 (1.2)

8 (1.7)

0.63

3 (1.7)

6 (2.5)

0.32

2 (0.8)

2 (0.9)

1.00

**

**

0.02 (0.08–0.50)

0.02

 Hymenolepsis nana

34 (8.0)

6 (1.3)

0.45

10 (5.7)

4 (1.7)

0.26

24 (9.6)

1 (0.4)

0.01

 

**

n/a

n/a

 Hookworm

11 (2.6)

55 (11.3)

0.01

8 (4.5)

29 (12.2)

0.004

3 (1.2)

19 (8.3)

0.002

**

**

0.08 (0.02–0.33)

0.01

 Enterobius vermicularis

19 (4.6)

6 (1.2)

0.18

9 (5.1)

6 (2.5)

0.09

10 (4.0)

0 (0.0)

0.01

**

**

n/a

n/a

 Giardia lamblia

146 (34.2)

31 (6.5)

0.01

33 (18.6)

16 (6.7)

0.005

113 (45.2)

13 (5.7)

0.01

**

**

0.03 (0.004–0.27)

0.01

  1. a Persistence was analyzed in the sample of children who had the outcome at baseline
  2. b Incidence among the children was them who were free of outcome at baseline
  3. c Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using mixed logistic regression models of the outcome at endline as a function of the outcome at baseline, with the random intercept of the study ward and further adjustments for the district, age, sex and educational status of the child, and socioeconomic status of the caregivers
  4. P-values were calculated using the McNemar test
Back to article page

BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

Contact us