Table 1 Demographic/socio-economic characteristics of the sample by sex
Demographic/health characteristic | Men N = 99 (%) | Women N = 136 (%) |
|---|---|---|
Age category: | ||
 60–69 | 38 (38.4) | 49 (36.0) |
 70–79 | 28 (28.3) | 40 (29.4) |
  ≥ 80 years | 33 (33.3) | 47 (34.6) |
Marital status: | ||
 Married | 68 (68.7) | 43 (31.6) |
 Widowed | 19 (19.2) | 82 (60.3) |
 Separated/ divorced | 10 (10.1) | 9 (6.6) |
 Single (never married) | 2 (2.0) | 2 (1.5) |
Education: | ||
 University | 5 (5.1) | 3 (2.2) |
 Secondary school | 5 (5.1) | 3 (2.2) |
 Primary school | 40 (40.4) | 24 (17.6) |
 Some primary | 36 (36.4) | 48 (35.3) |
 No formal education | 13 (13.1) | 58 (42.6) |
Literacy: | ||
 Reads and/or writes easily | 60 (60.6) | 39 (28.7) |
 Reads and/or writes with difficulty | 20 (20.2) | 37 (27.2) |
 Not able to read and/or write | 19 (19.2) | 60 (44.1) |
Lives alone | 8 (8.2) | 15 (11.1) |
 Pension | 10 (10.1) | 7 (5.1) |
 In the last 1 year, have any of your household members had to reduce their paid employment in order to spend time caring for your older relative? | 17 (17.2) | 30 (22.1) |
 In the last 1 year, have any of your household members had to stop their paid employment in order to spend time caring for your older relative? | 7 (7.1) | 17 (12.5) |
 Household difficulty paying school fees | 8 (8.1) | 18 (13.2) |
CGA- diagnosed frailty: | ||
 Frail | 34 (34.3) | 57 (41.9) |
 Not frail | 65 (65.7) | 79 (58.1) |
CASP-19 (Mean 24.48, range 0–53, SD 11.63) | ||
 Mean (SD) | 22.38 (12.5) | 26.0 (10.7) |
ADL disability: | ||
 Difficulty with ≥ 1 ADLs | 26 (26.3) | 57 (41.9) |
Non-self-reported MH multimorbidity: | ||
 None | 61 (61.6) | 53 (39.0) |
 Depression or Dementia | 31 (31.3) | 64 (47.1) |
 Depression and Dementia | 7 (7.1) | 19 (14.0) |
Self-reported mental health multimorbidity: | ||
 None | 90 (90.9) | 116 (85.3) |
 Depression or Dementia (or other MH diagnosis) | 9 (9.1) | 16 (11.8) |
 Depression and Dementia (or other MH diagnosis) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.9) |
Non-self-reported diagnoses: (from 16)* | ||
 None | 13 (13.1) | 7 (5.1) |
 1 diagnosis | 21 (21.2) | 20 (14.7) |
 2 diagnoses | 26 (26.3) | 31 (22.8) |
 3 diagnoses | 24 (24.2) | 39 (28.7) |
 4 diagnoses | 12 (12.1) | 26 (19.1) |
 5 diagnoses | 3 (3.0) | 9 (6.6) |
 6 diagnoses | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.9) |
Self-reported diagnoses: (from 17)** | ||
 None | 39 (39.4) | 41 (30.1) |
 1 diagnosis | 36 (36.4) | 42 (30.9) |
 2 diagnoses | 8 (8.1) | 29 (21.3) |
 3 diagnoses | 13 (13.1) | 11 (8.1) |
 4 diagnoses | 3 (3.0) | 5 (3.7) |
 5 diagnoses | 0 | 5 (3.7) |
 6 diagnoses | 0 | 2 (1.5) |
 7 diagnoses | 0 | 1 (0.7) |
Non-self-reported NCD multimorbidity (from 12) | ||
 1 NCD condition | 34 (34.3) | 36 (26.5) |
 2 NCD condition | 29 (29.3) | 46 (33.8) |
  ≥ 3 NCD condition | 21 (21.2) | 42 (30.9) |
Self-reported NCD multimorbidity (from 12 excluding depression, dementia and other mental health disorders) | ||
 1 NCD condition | 33 (33.3) | 42 (30.9) |
 2 NCD conditions | 14 (14.1) | 29 (21.3) |
  ≥ 3 NCD conditions | 10 (10.1) | 19 (14.0) |
Non-self-reported CD | ||
 None | 95 (96.0) | 132 (97.1) |
 TB or HIV | 4 (4.0) | 4 (2.9) |
 TB and HIV | 0 | 0 |
Self-reported CD | ||
 None | 96 (97.0) | 133 (97.8) |
 TB or HIV | 3 (3.0) | 3 (2.2) |
 TB and HIV | 0 | 0 |
Geriatric multimorbidity***: | ||
 None | 28 (28.3) | 27 (19.9) |
 One | 28 (28.3) | 34 (25.0) |
 Two | 21 (21.2) | 41 (30.1) |
 Three | 20 (20.2) | 24 (17.6) |
 Four | 0 | 9 (6.6) |
 Five | 2 (2.0) | 1 (0.7) |
Non-self-reported ‘discordant’ multimorbidity: | ||
 NCD or CD or MH diagnosis | 47 (47.5) | 48 (35.3) |
 NCD and/or MH and/or CD diagnoses | 38 (38.4) | 80 (58.8) |
 NCD and MH and CD diagnoses | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.7) |
Self-reported ‘discordant’ multimorbidity: | ||
 NCD or CD or MH diagnosis | 51 (51.5) | 77 (56.6) |
 NCD and/or MH and/or CD diagnoses | 9 (9.1) | 18 (13.2) |