Table 1 Co-creation coding framework

Co-creation

Co-Ideation

Engaging in open dialogue to share new and creative ideas for the solving of problems relating to new products, services, policies, and programs

Co-Design

Describing the technical details of new products, services, procedures, policies, or programs (prototype), as well as the research methods to be used (protocols). This process may include assessment of funding sources, availability of resources, research processes (e.g., ethics), and timelines.

Co-Implementation

Implementing the co-designed program, policy or clinical procedures by following the research protocol. This process may be a one-time collaborative event or an arrangement over the longer term.

Co-Evaluation

Embedding data collection or other formal research techniques into the co-implementation process. Researchers with relevant bio-statistical skills undertake analyses. Co-interpretation of the meaning and implications of the results.