Characteristics | Stunting (OR, 95%CI) | p-value | Wasting (OR, 95%CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
WASH Facility | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Latrine facility | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Improved | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Unimproved | 1.61 (1.49,1.74) | p < 0.001 | 1.11 (0.98,1.26) | 0.087 |
Open defecation | 2.13 (1.98,2.29) | p < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.60,1.98) | p < 0.001 |
Source of drinking water | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Improved | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Unimproved | 1.39 (1.32,1.46) | p < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.09,1.25) | p < 0.001 |
Child stool disposal | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Safe | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Unsafe | 1.55 (1.46,1.64) | p < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.37,1.65) | p < 0.001 |
Household flooring | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Improved | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Unimproved | 2.82 (2.60,3.05) | p < 0.001 | 1.87 (1.65,2.11) | p < 0.001 |
Time to get a water source | Â | Â | Â | Â |
On-premise | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
≤ 30 min | 2.80 (2.53,3.09) | p < 0.001 | 1.59 (1.37, 1.86) | p < 0.001 |
31–60 min | 2.82 (2.53, 3.14) | p < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.51,2.09) | p < 0.001 |
> 60 min | 2.76 (2.47, 3.08) | p < 0.001 | 2.06 (1.74,2.43) | p < 0.001 |
Household drinking water service | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Basic drinking water service | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
Limited drinking water service | 1.25 (1.15,1.36) | p < 0.001 | 1.26 (1.12,1.43) | p < 0.001 |
Poor drinking water service | 1.42 (1.34,1.49) | p < 0.001 | 1.22 (1.12,1.33) | p < 0.001 |
Combined sanitation facility | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Improved Water + Improved Sanitation | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Either one improved | 2.19 (2.01,2.39) | p < 0.001 | 1.82 (1.58,2.09) | p < 0.001 |
Unimproved Water + Unimproved Sanitation | 2.57 (2.36,2.79) | p < 0.001 | 1.88 (1.64,2.15) | p < 0.001 |
Child Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Childhood infections | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Diarrhea | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1.25 (1.17,1.33) | p < 0.001 | 1.64 (1.51,1.79) | p < 0.001 |
No | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Fever | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1.19 (1.13,1.26) | p < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.44,1.69) | p < 0.001 |
No | 1 | Â | Â | Â |
ARI | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 0.92 (0.82,1.04) | 0.206 | 1.29 (1.09,1.53) | 0.002 |
No | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Female | 0.89 (0.84,0.93) | p < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.76,0.87) | p < 0.001 |
Age (months) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 12 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
12–23 | 4.19 (3.85,4.55) | p < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.81,0.98) | 0.019 |
≥ 24 to 59 months | 5.43 (5.05,5.83) | p < 0.001 | 0.45 (0.42,0.49) | p < 0.001 |
Birth order | Â | Â | Â | Â |
First born | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
2–4 | 1.13 (1.07,1.21) | p < 0.001 | 1.16 (1.05,1.28) | 0.003 |
5 or higher | 1.34 (1.25,1.43) | p < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.22,1.49) | p < 0.001 |
Birth interval | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 33 months | 1 |  | 1 |  |
≥ 33 months | 1.15 (1.10,1.22) | p < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.94,1.09) | 0.695 |
Size of child at birth | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Larger | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Average | 1.11 (1.05,1.17) | p < 0.001 | 1.19 (1.09,1.30) | p < 0.001 |
Small | 1.46 (1.37,1.55) | p < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.63,1.95) | p < 0.001 |
Currently breastfeeding | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 1.17 (1.11,1.23) | p < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.63,0.74) | p < 0.001 |
Early initiation of breastfeeding | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 1.14 (1.08,1.20) | p < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.96,1.12) | 0.314 |
Received measles | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.81 (0.77,0.85) | p < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.49,1.74) | p < 0.001 |
Basic vaccine | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Yes | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
No | 0.94 (0.88,0.99) | 0.033 | 1.61 (1.46,1.78) | p < 0.001 |
Parental factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s age |  |  |  |  |
< 18 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
18–24 | 1.37 (1.04,1.79) | 0.023 | 0.71 (0.51,1.01) | 0.051 |
25–34 | 1.55 (1.18,2.03) | 0.001 | 0.64 (0.46,090) | 0.011 |
≥ 35 | 1.72 (1.31,2.26) | p < 0.001 | 0.69 (0.49,0.98) | 0.038 |
Mother’s education |  |  |  |  |
No education | 5.56 (4.36,7.09) | p < 0.001 | 2.70 (1.87,3.90) | p < 0.001 |
Primary | 3.79 (2.96, 4.85) | p < 0.001 | 1.91 (1.31, 2.78) | 0.001 |
Secondary | 1.85 (1.42, 2.41) | p < 0.001 | 1.24 (0.82, 1.87) | 0.306 |
Higher | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Mother’s occupation |  |  |  |  |
Not working | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Non agriculture | 0.95 (0.89,1.01) | 0.110 | 0.74 (0.67,0.81) | p < 0.001 |
Agriculture | 1.54 (1.46,1.63) | p < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.541 |
ANC Visit | Â | Â | Â | Â |
None | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
1–3 | 0.71 (0.66,0.76) | p < 0.001 | 0.84 (0.77,0.93) | p < 0.001 |
4+ | 0.48 (0.44,0.52) | p < 0.001 | 0.52 (0.47,0.58) | p < 0.001 |
Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 18.5 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
18.5 to 24.9 | 0.89 (0.84,0.94) | p < 0.001 | 0.55 (0.51,0.59) | p < 0.001 |
25 + | 0.37 (0.32,0.41) | p < 0.001 | 0.26 (0.21,0.32) | p < 0.001 |
Husband’s education |  |  |  |  |
No education | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Primary | 3.64 (3.17,4.19) | p < 0.001 | 1.82 (1.49,2.23) | p < 0.001 |
Secondary | 2.75 (2.38,3.18) | p < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.01,1.54) | 0.037 |
Higher | 1.69 (1.44,1.97) | p < 0.001 | 1.18 (0.94,1.49) | 0.148 |
Listening to radio | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not at all | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Yes | 0.75 (0.72,0.79) | p < 0.001 | 0.66 (0.61,0.71) | p < 0.001 |
Watching television | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Not at all | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Yes | 0.52 (0.49,0.55) | p < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.47,0.58) | p < 0.001 |
Household factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wealth index | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Poor | 1.71 (1.59,1.81) | p < 0.001 | 1.95 (1.76,2.16) | p < 0.001 |
Middle | 1.52 (1.39,1.65) | p < 0.001 | 1.52 (1.33,1.74) | p < 0.001 |
Rich | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Household Size | Â | Â | Â | Â |
1–4 | 0.86 (0.82,0.91) | p < 0.001 | 0.89 (0.82,0.97) | 0.006 |
≥ 5 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
Community-Level Factors | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Rural | 2.29 (2.14,2.46) | p < 0.001 | 1.61 (1.45,1.80) | p < 0.001 |
Region | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Agrarian | 1.91 (1.77,2.05) | p < 0.001 | 1.55 (1.38,1.74) | p < 0.001 |
Pastoralist | 1.78 (1.63,1.93) | p < 0.001 | 1.55 (1.37,1.76) | p < 0.001 |
City | 1 | Â | 1 | Â |
Ecological Zone (meters in elevation) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< 1500 | 0.65 (0.58,0.73) | p < 0.001 | 2.01 (1.68,2.41) | p < 0.001 |
1500–2500 | 0.73 (0.66,0.82) | p < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.03,1.48) | p < 0.001 |
> 2500 | 1 |  | 1 |  |