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Table 1 Characteristics of the participants according to the spicy flavor and spicy food intake frequency

From: Spicy food consumption is associated with abdominal obesity among Chinese Han population aged 30–79 years in the Sichuan Basin: a population-based cross-sectional study

Characteristics

Total (n = 40877)

Spicy food intake frequency, n(%)

P

Never (n = 8372)

1–2 days/week (n = 6538)

3–5 days/week (n = 4924)

6–7 days/week (n = 21043)

Ages (years)

49.7 (42.8, 61.0)

54.4 (45.9, 65.5)

47.7 (40.1, 55.8)

46.6 (38.8, 54.3)

49.2 (42.3, 58.1)

 < 0.001

Gender

     

 < 0.001

  Male

18374 (44.9)

3481 (41.6)

2738 (41.9)

2203 (44.7)

9952 (47.3)

 

  Female

22503 (55.1)

4891 (58.4)

3800 (58.1)

2721 (55.3)

11091 (52.7)

 

Marriage status

     

 < 0.001

  Married/cohabitation

36365 (89.0)

7223 (86.3)

5798 (88.7)

4371 (88.8)

18973 (90.2)

 

  Unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed

4512 (11.0)

1149 (13.7)

740 (11.3)

553 (11.2)

2070 (9.8)

 

Education level

     

 < 0.001

  Primary school and below

13110 (32.1)

3738 (44.7)

1675 (25.6)

1060 (21.5)

6637 (31.5)

 

  Middle school

13133 (32.1)

2482 (29.6)

2097 (32.1)

1637 (33.2)

6917 (32.9)

 

  High school

7402 (18.1)

1144 (13.7)

1316 (20.1)

1052 (21.4)

3890 (18.5)

 

  College or university and above

7232 (17.7)

1008 (12.0)

1450 (22.2)

1175 (23.9)

3599 (17.1)

 

Annual household income (CNY)

     

 < 0.001

  < 12000

4118 (17.1)

1355 (16.2)

591 (9.0)

356 (7.2)

1816 (8.6)

 

  12000–19999

4944 (12.1)

1315 (15.7)

765 (11.7)

503 (10.2)

2361 (11.2)

 

  20000–59999

14610 (35.7)

3033 (36.2)

2287 (35.0)

1720 (34.9)

7570 (36.0)

 

  60000–99999

8686 (21.3)

1503 (18.0)

1460 (22.3)

1162 (23.7)

4561 (21.7)

 

  ≥ 100000

8519 (20.8)

1166 (13.9)

1435 (22.0)

1183 (24.0)

4735 (22.5)

 

Study area

     

 < 0.001

  Rural

16356 (40.0)

3740 (44.7)

2265 (34.6)

1685 (34.2)

8666 (41.2)

 

  Urban

24521 (60.0)

4632 (55.3)

4273 (65.4)

3239 (65.8)

12377 (58.8)

 

Tobacco use

     

 < 0.001

  No smokers

29032 (71.0)

6651 (79.5)

4941 (75.6)

3487 (70.8)

13953 (66.3)

 

  Ex-smokers

2621 (6.4)

506 (6.0)

393 (6.0)

302 (6.1)

1420 (6.8)

 

  Current smokers

9224 (22.6)

1215 (14.5)

1204 (18.4)

1135 (23.1)

5670 (26.9)

 

Alcohol use (grams per week)

5 (0, 5)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 5)

0 (0, 5)

0 (0, 5)

 < 0.001

Red and processed meats (grams per week)

500 (300, 700)

350 (200, 700)

350 (210, 700)

450 (300, 700)

700 (350, 750)

 < 0.001

Poultry and processed (grams per week)

70 (23.3, 150)

46.7 (11.7,105)

60 (23.3, 140)

70 (31.2, 150)

70 (24, 150)

 < 0.001

Fresh vegetables (grams per week)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

 < 0.001

Fresh fruits (grams per week)

700 (300, 1400)

600 (150, 1400)

700 (350, 1400)

700 (350, 1400)

700 (300, 1400)

 < 0.001

Total energy intake (kcal/day)

1644.8 (1318.1, 2054.4)

1442.5 (1152.2, 1809.9)

1481.8 (1205.9, 1820.6)

1505.8 (1238.8, 1860.4)

1554.5 (1272.4, 1901.7)

 < 0.001

Physical activity (METs-h/day)

28.1 (17.7, 38.6)

23.6 (14.7, 36.0)

27.9 (17.6, 37.0)

28.0 (18.7, 37.3)

27.6 (17.6, 37.9)

 < 0.001

Menopause a

     

 < 0.001

  No

11986 (53.3)

1881 (38.5)

2256 (59.4)

1772 (65.1)

6077 (54.8)

 

  Yes

10517 (46.7)

3010 (61.5)

1544 (40.6)

949 (34.9)

5014 (45.2)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

24.3 (22.2, 26.6)

23.96 (22.0, 26.3)

23.5 (21.6, 25.6)

23.5 (21.6, 25.8)

24.07 (22.0, 26.5)

 < 0.001

WC (cm)

      

  Male

86.0 (80.0, 92.0)

85.0 (79.0, 90.0)

86.0 (80.0, 91.0)

87.0 (80.0, 9.02)

86.5 (80.0, 92.0)

 < 0.001

  Female

80.0 (73.0, 86.0)

80.0 (74.0, 86.0)

78.0 (72.0, 84.0)

78.0 (73.0, 85.0)

80.0 (74.0, 87.0)

 < 0.001

Abdominal obesity

     

 < 0.001

  No

19081 (46.7)

3989 (47.7)

3347 (51.2)

2383 (48.4)

9362 (44.5)

 

  Yes

21796 (53.3)

4383 (52.3)

3191 (48.8)

2541 (51.6)

11681 (55.5)

 

Strength of spicy food intake

     

 < 0.001

  Never

8372 (20.5)

8372 (100.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

  Mild

24814 (60.7)

0 (0.0)

5780 (88.4)

3943 (80.1)

15091 (71.7)

 

  Moderate

6848 (16.8)

0 (0.0)

690 (10.6)

920 (18.7)

5238 (24.9)

 

  Strong

843 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

68 (1.0)

61 (1.2)

714 (3.4)

 

Age started to eat spicy food

5 (5, 15)

NA

10 (5, 20)

8 (5, 17)

5 (5, 1)

 < 0.001

Years of eating spicy food

40 (30, 49)

NA

35 (26, 45)

36 (27, 44)

41 (32, 50)

 < 0.001

Characteristics

Total (n = 40877)

Strength of spicy food intake, n (%)

P

Never (n = 8372)

Weak (n = 24814)

Moderate (n = 6848)

Strong (n = 843)

Ages (years)

49.7 (42.8, 61.0)

54.4 (45.9, 65.5)

48.8 (41.8, 57.4)

46.9 (38.1, 54.5)

49.9 (44.4, 60.4)

 < 0.001

Gender

     

 < 0.001

  Male

18374 (45.0)

3481 (41.6)

10633 (42.9)

3802 (55.5)

458 (54.3)

 

  Female

22503 (55.0)

4891 (58.4)

14181 (57.1)

3046 (44.5)

385 (45.7)

 

Marriage status

     

 < 0.001

  Married/cohabitation

36365 (89.0)

7223 (86.3)

22267 (89.7)

6151 (89.8)

724 (85.9)

 

  Unmarried/Separated/divorced/widowed

4512 (11.0)

1149 (13.7)

2547 (10.3)

697 (10.2)

119 (14.1)

 

Education level

     

 < 0.001

  Primary school and below

13110 (32.1)

3738 (44.6)

7424 (29.9)

1602 (23.4)

346 (41.0)

 

  Middle school

13133 (32.1)

2482 (29.7)

8240 (33.2)

2154 (31.4)

257 (30.5)

 

  High school

7402 (18.1)

1144 (13.7)

4605 (18.6)

1518 (22.2)

135 (16.0)

 

  College or university and above

7232 (17.7)

1008 (12.0)

4545 (18.3)

1574 (23.0)

105 (12.5)

 

Annual household income (CNY)

     

 < 0.001

  < 12000

4118 (10.1)

1355 (16.2)

2102 (8.5)

546 (8.0)

115 (13.6)

 

  12000–19999

4944 (12.1)

1315 (15.7)

2855 (11.5)

663 (9.6)

111 (13.2)

 

  20000–59999

14610 (35.7)

3033 (36.2)

9032 (36.4)

2260 (33.0)

285 (33.8)

 

  60000–99999

8686 (21.3)

1503 (18.0)

5468 (22.0)

1546 (22.6)

169 (20.1)

 

  ≥ 100,000

8519 (20.8)

1166 (13.9)

5357 (21.6)

1833 (26.8)

163 (19.3)

 

Study area

     

 < 0.001

  Rural

16356 (40.0)

3740 (44.7)

9755 (39.3)

2500 (36.5)

361 (42.8)

 

  Urban

24521 (60.0)

4632 (55.3)

15059 (60.7)

4348 (63.5)

482 (57.2)

 

Tobacco use

     

 < 0.001

  No smokers

29032 (71.0)

6651 (79.5)

18004 (72.5)

3940 (57.5)

437 (51.8)

 

  Ex-smokers

2621 (6.4)

506 (6.0)

1579 (6.4)

485 (7.1)

51 (6.1)

 

  Current smokers

9224 (22.6)

1215 (14.5)

5231 (21.1)

2423 (35.4)

355 (42.1)

 

Alcohol use (grams per week)

5 (0, 5)

0 (0, 0)

0 (0, 5)

0 (0, 5)

0 (0, 5)

 < 0.001

Red and processed meats (grams per week)

500 (300, 700)

350 (200,700)

500 (300, 700)

700 (350, 1050)

700 (350, 1400)

 < 0.001

Poultry and processed (grams per week)

70 (23.3, 150)

46.7 (11.7, 105)

70 (23.3, 150)

100 (35, 160)

70 (23.3, 150)

 < 0.001

Fresh vegetables (grams per week)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

2100 (1400, 3500)

 < 0.001

Fresh fruits (grams per week)

700 (300, 1400)

600 (150, 1400)

700 (350, 1400)

700 (280, 1400)

600 (116.7, 1400)

 < 0.001

Total energy intake (kcal/day)

1644.8 (1318.2, 2054.4)

1442.5 (1152.2, 1809.9)

1525.8 (1247.9, 1873.2)

1555.4 (1248.0, 1906.7)

1598.6 (1263.1, 1963.0)

 < 0.001

Physical activity(METs-h/day)

28.1 (17.7, 38.6)

23.6 (14.7, 36.0)

27.5 (17.6, 37.6)

28.6 (18.8, 37.7)

27.2 (18.7, 38.8)

 < 0.001

Menopause a

     

 < 0.001

  No

11986 (53.3)

1881 (38.5)

7947 (56.0)

1961 (64.4)

197 (51.2)

 

  Yes

10517 (46.7)

3010 (61.5)

6234 (44.0)

1085 (35.6)

188 (48.8)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

24.3 (22.2, 26.6)

24.0 (22.0, 26.3)

23.9 (21.8, 26.2)

23.8 (21.8, 26.1)

24.4 (22.4, 27.0)

 < 0.001

WC (cm)

      

  Male

86.0 (80.0, 92.0)

85.0 (79.0, 90.0)

86.0 (80.0, 92.0)

87.0 (81.0, 93.0)

86.2 (80.0, 93.0)

 < 0.001

  Female

80.0 (73.0, 86.0)

80.0 (74.0, 86.0)

79.4 (73.0, 86.0)

79.0 (73.0, 85.0)

81.5 (74.0, 88.0)

 < 0.001

Abdominal obesity

     

 < 0.001

  No

19081 (46.7)

3989 (47.7)

11689 (47.1)

3043 (44.4)

360 (42.7)

 

  Yes

21796 (53.3)

4383 (52.3)

13125 (52.9)

3805 (55.6)

483 (57.3)

 

Age started to eat spicy food

5 (5, 15)

NA

5 (5, 15)

5 (5, 12)

5 (5, 12)

 < 0.001

Years of eating spicy food

40 (30, 49)

NA

39 (29, 49)

38 (29, 48)

43 (35, 51)

 < 0.001

  1. Continuous data were described as the median (Q1, Q3), and statistical significance was assessed by the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Categorical data were summarized as percentages (%), and statistical significance was assessed by a chi-square test
  2. a Only in women
  3. CNY China Yuan, MET metabolic equivalent of task, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference