Characteristics | Total (n = 40877) | Spicy food intake frequency, n(%) | P | ||||||||
Never (n = 8372) | 1–2 days/week (n = 6538) | 3–5 days/week (n = 4924) | 6–7 days/week (n = 21043) | ||||||||
Ages (years) | 49.7 (42.8, 61.0) | 54.4 (45.9, 65.5) | 47.7 (40.1, 55.8) | 46.6 (38.8, 54.3) | 49.2 (42.3, 58.1) | < 0.001 | |||||
Gender | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Male | 18374 (44.9) | 3481 (41.6) | 2738 (41.9) | 2203 (44.7) | 9952 (47.3) | ||||||
Female | 22503 (55.1) | 4891 (58.4) | 3800 (58.1) | 2721 (55.3) | 11091 (52.7) | ||||||
Marriage status | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Married/cohabitation | 36365 (89.0) | 7223 (86.3) | 5798 (88.7) | 4371 (88.8) | 18973 (90.2) | ||||||
Unmarried/separated/divorced/widowed | 4512 (11.0) | 1149 (13.7) | 740 (11.3) | 553 (11.2) | 2070 (9.8) | ||||||
Education level | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Primary school and below | 13110 (32.1) | 3738 (44.7) | 1675 (25.6) | 1060 (21.5) | 6637 (31.5) | ||||||
Middle school | 13133 (32.1) | 2482 (29.6) | 2097 (32.1) | 1637 (33.2) | 6917 (32.9) | ||||||
High school | 7402 (18.1) | 1144 (13.7) | 1316 (20.1) | 1052 (21.4) | 3890 (18.5) | ||||||
College or university and above | 7232 (17.7) | 1008 (12.0) | 1450 (22.2) | 1175 (23.9) | 3599 (17.1) | ||||||
Annual household income (CNY) | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
< 12000 | 4118 (17.1) | 1355 (16.2) | 591 (9.0) | 356 (7.2) | 1816 (8.6) | ||||||
12000–19999 | 4944 (12.1) | 1315 (15.7) | 765 (11.7) | 503 (10.2) | 2361 (11.2) | ||||||
20000–59999 | 14610 (35.7) | 3033 (36.2) | 2287 (35.0) | 1720 (34.9) | 7570 (36.0) | ||||||
60000–99999 | 8686 (21.3) | 1503 (18.0) | 1460 (22.3) | 1162 (23.7) | 4561 (21.7) | ||||||
≥ 100000 | 8519 (20.8) | 1166 (13.9) | 1435 (22.0) | 1183 (24.0) | 4735 (22.5) | ||||||
Study area | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Rural | 16356 (40.0) | 3740 (44.7) | 2265 (34.6) | 1685 (34.2) | 8666 (41.2) | ||||||
Urban | 24521 (60.0) | 4632 (55.3) | 4273 (65.4) | 3239 (65.8) | 12377 (58.8) | ||||||
Tobacco use | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
No smokers | 29032 (71.0) | 6651 (79.5) | 4941 (75.6) | 3487 (70.8) | 13953 (66.3) | ||||||
Ex-smokers | 2621 (6.4) | 506 (6.0) | 393 (6.0) | 302 (6.1) | 1420 (6.8) | ||||||
Current smokers | 9224 (22.6) | 1215 (14.5) | 1204 (18.4) | 1135 (23.1) | 5670 (26.9) | ||||||
Alcohol use (grams per week) | 5 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 5) | < 0.001 | |||||
Red and processed meats (grams per week) | 500 (300, 700) | 350 (200, 700) | 350 (210, 700) | 450 (300, 700) | 700 (350, 750) | < 0.001 | |||||
Poultry and processed (grams per week) | 70 (23.3, 150) | 46.7 (11.7,105) | 60 (23.3, 140) | 70 (31.2, 150) | 70 (24, 150) | < 0.001 | |||||
Fresh vegetables (grams per week) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | < 0.001 | |||||
Fresh fruits (grams per week) | 700 (300, 1400) | 600 (150, 1400) | 700 (350, 1400) | 700 (350, 1400) | 700 (300, 1400) | < 0.001 | |||||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1644.8 (1318.1, 2054.4) | 1442.5 (1152.2, 1809.9) | 1481.8 (1205.9, 1820.6) | 1505.8 (1238.8, 1860.4) | 1554.5 (1272.4, 1901.7) | < 0.001 | |||||
Physical activity (METs-h/day) | 28.1 (17.7, 38.6) | 23.6 (14.7, 36.0) | 27.9 (17.6, 37.0) | 28.0 (18.7, 37.3) | 27.6 (17.6, 37.9) | < 0.001 | |||||
Menopause a | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 11986 (53.3) | 1881 (38.5) | 2256 (59.4) | 1772 (65.1) | 6077 (54.8) | ||||||
Yes | 10517 (46.7) | 3010 (61.5) | 1544 (40.6) | 949 (34.9) | 5014 (45.2) | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (22.2, 26.6) | 23.96 (22.0, 26.3) | 23.5 (21.6, 25.6) | 23.5 (21.6, 25.8) | 24.07 (22.0, 26.5) | < 0.001 | |||||
WC (cm) | |||||||||||
Male | 86.0 (80.0, 92.0) | 85.0 (79.0, 90.0) | 86.0 (80.0, 91.0) | 87.0 (80.0, 9.02) | 86.5 (80.0, 92.0) | < 0.001 | |||||
Female | 80.0 (73.0, 86.0) | 80.0 (74.0, 86.0) | 78.0 (72.0, 84.0) | 78.0 (73.0, 85.0) | 80.0 (74.0, 87.0) | < 0.001 | |||||
Abdominal obesity | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 19081 (46.7) | 3989 (47.7) | 3347 (51.2) | 2383 (48.4) | 9362 (44.5) | ||||||
Yes | 21796 (53.3) | 4383 (52.3) | 3191 (48.8) | 2541 (51.6) | 11681 (55.5) | ||||||
Strength of spicy food intake | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Never | 8372 (20.5) | 8372 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||||
Mild | 24814 (60.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5780 (88.4) | 3943 (80.1) | 15091 (71.7) | ||||||
Moderate | 6848 (16.8) | 0 (0.0) | 690 (10.6) | 920 (18.7) | 5238 (24.9) | ||||||
Strong | 843 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 68 (1.0) | 61 (1.2) | 714 (3.4) | ||||||
Age started to eat spicy food | 5 (5, 15) | NA | 10 (5, 20) | 8 (5, 17) | 5 (5, 1) | < 0.001 | |||||
Years of eating spicy food | 40 (30, 49) | NA | 35 (26, 45) | 36 (27, 44) | 41 (32, 50) | < 0.001 | |||||
Characteristics | Total (n = 40877) | Strength of spicy food intake, n (%) | P | ||||||||
Never (n = 8372) | Weak (n = 24814) | Moderate (n = 6848) | Strong (n = 843) | ||||||||
Ages (years) | 49.7 (42.8, 61.0) | 54.4 (45.9, 65.5) | 48.8 (41.8, 57.4) | 46.9 (38.1, 54.5) | 49.9 (44.4, 60.4) | < 0.001 | |||||
Gender | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Male | 18374 (45.0) | 3481 (41.6) | 10633 (42.9) | 3802 (55.5) | 458 (54.3) | ||||||
Female | 22503 (55.0) | 4891 (58.4) | 14181 (57.1) | 3046 (44.5) | 385 (45.7) | ||||||
Marriage status | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Married/cohabitation | 36365 (89.0) | 7223 (86.3) | 22267 (89.7) | 6151 (89.8) | 724 (85.9) | ||||||
Unmarried/Separated/divorced/widowed | 4512 (11.0) | 1149 (13.7) | 2547 (10.3) | 697 (10.2) | 119 (14.1) | ||||||
Education level | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Primary school and below | 13110 (32.1) | 3738 (44.6) | 7424 (29.9) | 1602 (23.4) | 346 (41.0) | ||||||
Middle school | 13133 (32.1) | 2482 (29.7) | 8240 (33.2) | 2154 (31.4) | 257 (30.5) | ||||||
High school | 7402 (18.1) | 1144 (13.7) | 4605 (18.6) | 1518 (22.2) | 135 (16.0) | ||||||
College or university and above | 7232 (17.7) | 1008 (12.0) | 4545 (18.3) | 1574 (23.0) | 105 (12.5) | ||||||
Annual household income (CNY) | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
< 12000 | 4118 (10.1) | 1355 (16.2) | 2102 (8.5) | 546 (8.0) | 115 (13.6) | ||||||
12000–19999 | 4944 (12.1) | 1315 (15.7) | 2855 (11.5) | 663 (9.6) | 111 (13.2) | ||||||
20000–59999 | 14610 (35.7) | 3033 (36.2) | 9032 (36.4) | 2260 (33.0) | 285 (33.8) | ||||||
60000–99999 | 8686 (21.3) | 1503 (18.0) | 5468 (22.0) | 1546 (22.6) | 169 (20.1) | ||||||
≥ 100,000 | 8519 (20.8) | 1166 (13.9) | 5357 (21.6) | 1833 (26.8) | 163 (19.3) | ||||||
Study area | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
Rural | 16356 (40.0) | 3740 (44.7) | 9755 (39.3) | 2500 (36.5) | 361 (42.8) | ||||||
Urban | 24521 (60.0) | 4632 (55.3) | 15059 (60.7) | 4348 (63.5) | 482 (57.2) | ||||||
Tobacco use | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
No smokers | 29032 (71.0) | 6651 (79.5) | 18004 (72.5) | 3940 (57.5) | 437 (51.8) | ||||||
Ex-smokers | 2621 (6.4) | 506 (6.0) | 1579 (6.4) | 485 (7.1) | 51 (6.1) | ||||||
Current smokers | 9224 (22.6) | 1215 (14.5) | 5231 (21.1) | 2423 (35.4) | 355 (42.1) | ||||||
Alcohol use (grams per week) | 5 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 5) | < 0.001 | |||||
Red and processed meats (grams per week) | 500 (300, 700) | 350 (200,700) | 500 (300, 700) | 700 (350, 1050) | 700 (350, 1400) | < 0.001 | |||||
Poultry and processed (grams per week) | 70 (23.3, 150) | 46.7 (11.7, 105) | 70 (23.3, 150) | 100 (35, 160) | 70 (23.3, 150) | < 0.001 | |||||
Fresh vegetables (grams per week) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | 2100 (1400, 3500) | < 0.001 | |||||
Fresh fruits (grams per week) | 700 (300, 1400) | 600 (150, 1400) | 700 (350, 1400) | 700 (280, 1400) | 600 (116.7, 1400) | < 0.001 | |||||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1644.8 (1318.2, 2054.4) | 1442.5 (1152.2, 1809.9) | 1525.8 (1247.9, 1873.2) | 1555.4 (1248.0, 1906.7) | 1598.6 (1263.1, 1963.0) | < 0.001 | |||||
Physical activity(METs-h/day) | 28.1 (17.7, 38.6) | 23.6 (14.7, 36.0) | 27.5 (17.6, 37.6) | 28.6 (18.8, 37.7) | 27.2 (18.7, 38.8) | < 0.001 | |||||
Menopause a | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 11986 (53.3) | 1881 (38.5) | 7947 (56.0) | 1961 (64.4) | 197 (51.2) | ||||||
Yes | 10517 (46.7) | 3010 (61.5) | 6234 (44.0) | 1085 (35.6) | 188 (48.8) | ||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (22.2, 26.6) | 24.0 (22.0, 26.3) | 23.9 (21.8, 26.2) | 23.8 (21.8, 26.1) | 24.4 (22.4, 27.0) | < 0.001 | |||||
WC (cm) | |||||||||||
Male | 86.0 (80.0, 92.0) | 85.0 (79.0, 90.0) | 86.0 (80.0, 92.0) | 87.0 (81.0, 93.0) | 86.2 (80.0, 93.0) | < 0.001 | |||||
Female | 80.0 (73.0, 86.0) | 80.0 (74.0, 86.0) | 79.4 (73.0, 86.0) | 79.0 (73.0, 85.0) | 81.5 (74.0, 88.0) | < 0.001 | |||||
Abdominal obesity | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
No | 19081 (46.7) | 3989 (47.7) | 11689 (47.1) | 3043 (44.4) | 360 (42.7) | ||||||
Yes | 21796 (53.3) | 4383 (52.3) | 13125 (52.9) | 3805 (55.6) | 483 (57.3) | ||||||
Age started to eat spicy food | 5 (5, 15) | NA | 5 (5, 15) | 5 (5, 12) | 5 (5, 12) | < 0.001 | |||||
Years of eating spicy food | 40 (30, 49) | NA | 39 (29, 49) | 38 (29, 48) | 43 (35, 51) | < 0.001 |