Table 2 Cross-sectional associations between income inequality and odds for obtaining inadequate (< 7 h of sleep) and very inadequate (< 5 h of sleep), among participants in the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)

Intercept

0.56

(0.54, 0.58)

0.43

(0.36, 0.50)

0.43

(0.36, 0.50)

0.05

(0.04, 0.05)

0.03

(0.03, 0.04)

0.03

(0.03, 0.04)

State Characteristics

Gini (Z-Score)

1.06

(1.01, 1.11)

1.06

(1.00, 1.13)

1.05

(0.99, 1.12)

1.08

(0.99, 1.17)

1.11

(1.03, 1.20)

1.08

(0.99, 1.16)

State Median Income (Z-Score)

0.96

(0.91,1.01)

0.98

(0.93, 1.03)

0.98

(0.93, 1.03)

0.90

(0.84,0.97)

0.96

(0.88, 1.05)

0.96

(0.88, 1.05)

Population Size (Z-Score)

1.00

(0.98,1.01)

0.99

(0.96, 1.02)

0.99

(0.96, 1.02)

0.97

(0.93,1.01)

0.96

(0.92, 1.01)

0.96

(0.92, 1.01)

Proportion Black (Z-Score)

1.08

(1.05,1.11)

1.00

(0.96, 1.05)

1.00

(0.96, 1.05)

1.13

(1.07,1.20)

1.01

(0.95, 1.08)

1.01

(0.95, 1.08)

Proportion in Poverty (Z-Score)

1.05

(0.98,1.12)

0.99

(0.93, 1.05)

0.99

(0.93, 1.05)

1.09

(1.01,1.19)

0.96

(0.86, 1.08)

0.96

(0.86, 1.08)

Individual Characteristics

Gender (ref: male)

Female

0.95

(0.93,0.97)

0.94

(0.92, 0.96)

0.93

(0.91, 0.95)

0.95

(0.89,1.03)

0.91

(0.84, 0.98)

0.88

(0.82, 0.94)

Gini Z-Score

1.01

(0.99, 1.03)

1.07

(1.01, 1.13)

Age (ref: 18 to 24 years)

25 to 44 years

1.19

(1.13,1.26)

1.40

(1.31, 1.49)

1.40

(1.31, 1.49)

1.16

(1.05,1.27)

0.50

(1.35, 1.68)

1.50

(1.35, 1.68)

45 to 64 years

1.11

(1.06,1.16)

1.31

(1.22, 1.41)

1.31

(1.22,1.49)

1.20

(1.09,1.32)

1.58

(1.41, 1.78)

1.58

(1.41, 1.78)

65 years and older

0.68

(0.63,0.75)

0.78

(0.69, 0.87)

0.78

(0.69, 0.87)

0.79

(0.68,0.93)

0.91

(0.75, 1.10)

0.91

(0.75, 1.10)

Household Income (ref:: high)

Medium

1.15

(1.11,1.20)

1.08

(1.04, 1.13)

1.08

(1.04, 1.13)

1.53

(1.40,1.68)

1.33

(1.21, 1.46)

1.33

(1.21, 1.46)

Low

1.29

(1.20,1.38)

1.14

(1.07, 1.21)

1.14

(1.07,1.21)

2.85

(2.56,3.18)

2.10

(1.88, 2.34)

2.10

(1.88, 2.34)

Education (ref: no high school)

High school

1.06

(0.96,1.16)

1.07

(0.99, 1.15)

1.07

(0.99, 1.15)

0.70

(0.50,0.73)

0.77

(0.65, 0.92)

0.77

(0.65, 0.92)

Attended college

1.08

(0.96,1.21)

1.10

(1.00, 1.20)

1.10

(1.00, 1.20)

0.60

(0.50,0.73)

0.73

(0.62, 0.87)

0.73

(0.62, 0.87)

College Graduate

0.75

(0.66,0.86)

0.78

(0.70, 0.86)

0.78

(0.70, 0.86)

0.31

(0.24,0.38)

0.45

(0.37, 0.54)

0.45

(0.37, 0.54)

Race (ref: White, Non-Hispanic)

Black, Non-Hispanic

1.71

(1.60,1.82)

1.49

(1.39, 1.61)

1.49

(1.39, 1.61)

1.77

(1.63,1.92)

1.28

(1.17, 1.40)

1.28

(1.17, 1.40)

Asian, Non-Hispanic

1.27

(1.02,1.60)

1.32

(1.02, 1.69)

1.32

(1.02, 1.69)

1.17

(1.01,1.34)

1.31

(1.14, 1.52)

1.31

(1.14, 1.52)

American Indian/Alaskan Native, Non-Hispanic

1.53

(1.38,1.70)

1.35

(1.20, 1.51)

1.35

(1.20, 1.51)

2.37

(1.93,2.91)

1.67

(1.32, 2.12)

1.67

(1.32, 2.12)

Hispanic

1.08

(1.03,1.14)

0.92

(0.86, 0.98)

0.92

(0.86, 0.98)

1.24

(1.12,1.36)

0.80

(0.71, 0.90)

0.80

(0.71, 0.90)

Other race, Non-Hispanic

1.60

(1.49,1.72)

1.47

(1.36, 1.58)

1.46

(1.36, 1.58)

2.17

(1.98,2.38)

1.85

(1.65, 2.07)

1.85

(1.65, 2.07)

Marital status (ref: coupled)

Single

1.26

(1.23,1.29)

1.18

(1.14, 1.22)

1.18

(1.14, 1.22)

1.74

(1.65,1.83)

1.38

(1.28, 1.48)

1.38

(1.28, 1.48)

Setting (ref: Rural)

Urban

0.96

(0.90,1.02)

0.96

(0.89, 1.03)

0.96

(0.89, 1.03)

0.77

(0.67,0.87)

0.85

(0.74, 0.98)

0.85

(0.74, 0.98)