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Table 3 Pandemic-related socioeconomic disruptions and caregivers’ health, with effect modification by participants’ interview date

From: Pandemic-related socioeconomic disruptions and adverse health outcomes: a cross-sectional study of female caregivers

 

Depressive Symptoms

Wald

Low Self-Rated Health

Wald

Food Insecurity

Wald

Disruption Experienced

PR (95% CI)

 

PR (95% CI)

 

PR (95% CI)

 

Individual Models

 

Employment

 

0.9452

 

0.0381

 

0.4442

<Feb 1, 2021 A

1.06 (0.77, 1.46)

 

1.79* (1.10, 2.92)

 

1.12 (0.79, 1.58)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021 A

1.00 (0.72, 1.39)

 

1.41 (0.86, 2.30)

 

0.84 (0.57, 1.23)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021B

0.96 (0.75, 1.23)

 

0.92 (0.68, 1.25)

 

0.78 (0.59, 1.03)

 

Child Care

 

0.7837

 

0.9183

 

0.3367

<Feb 1, 2021 A

1.78** (1.18, 2.69)

 

1.52 (0.96, 2.41)

 

1.34 (0.91, 1.96)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021 A

1.68* (1.12, 2.53)

 

1.42 (0.90, 2.23)

 

1.00 (0.67, 1.47)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021B

1.09 (0.88, 1.36)

 

1.05 (0.80, 1.38)

 

0.81 (0.62, 1.05)

 

Housing

 

0.0194

 

0.2907

 

0.5017

<Feb 1, 2021 A

1.16 (0.82, 1.64)

 

2.21** (1.50, 3.26)

 

1.66** (1.23, 2.24)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021 A

1.83** (1.32, 2.53)

 

1.48 (0.77, 2.84)

 

1.36 (0.88, 2.10)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021B

1.80** (1.31, 2.48)

 

1.34 (0.70, 2.56)

 

1.77 (0.83, 1.94)

 

Joint Models

Employment

 

0.9009

 

0.0261

 

0.4914

<Feb 1, 2021 A

1.02 (0.75, 1.38)

 

1.76* (1.10, 2.81)

 

1.08 (0.77, 1.52)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021 A

0.96 (0.70, 1.32)

 

1.36 (0.85, 2.20)

 

0.81 (0.56, 1.17)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021B

0.95 (0.75, 1.21)

 

0.91 (0.67, 1.22)

 

0.77 (0.58, 1.01)

 

Child Care

 

0.7343

 

0.8797

 

0.2913

<Feb 1, 2021 A

1.71* (1.13, 2.60)

 

1.44 (0.91, 2.26)

 

1.23 (0.83, 1.82)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021 A

1.64* (1.09, 2.47)

 

1.38 (0.88, 2.16)

 

0.94 (0.63, 1.39)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021B

1.10 (0.89, 1.37)

 

1.06 (0.81, 1.39)

 

0.81 (0.62, 1.05)

 

Housing

 

0.0154

 

0.2819

 

0.5090

<Feb 1, 2021 A

1.02 (0.73, 1.42)

 

2.05** (1.38, 3.03)

 

1.52** (1.13, 2.06)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021 A

1.63** (1.15, 2.33)

 

1.36 (0.71, 2.60)

 

1.25 (0.80, 1.95)

 

≥Feb 1, 2021B

1.63** (1.15, 2.31)

 

1.23 (0.65, 2.34)

 

1.17 (0.76, 1.82)

 
  1. Sample was drawn from the ACCESS Study (N = 464). Results were derived from multivariable Poisson models with robust standard errors; each assessed for effect modification by timing of participants’ interviews and adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, marital status, foreign-born status, educational attainment, pre-COVID-19 employment, pre-COVID-19 income, home ownership, number of children, number of adults, and caring for an infant
  2. Scores ≥ 10 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were classified as experiencing clinically meaningful depressive symptoms. Self-rated health was dichotomized into fair/poor vs. good/very good/excellent health. Food insecurity was determined by a score of ≥ 2 on the US Department of Agriculture’s 6-item Household Food Security Survey Module
  3. Feb = February
  4. A The reference group did not experience disruption and was interviewed before February 1, 2021
  5. B The reference group did not experience disruption and was interviewed on or after February 1, 2021
  6. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, †Romano-Wolf adjusted p < 0.10, ‡Romano-Wolf adjusted p < 0.05
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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