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Table 2 Pandemic-related socioeconomic disruptions and female caregivers’ health

From: Pandemic-related socioeconomic disruptions and adverse health outcomes: a cross-sectional study of female caregivers

 

Depressive Symptoms

Low Self-Rated Health

Food Insecurity

Disruption Experienced

PR (95% CI)

PR (95% CI)

PR (95% CI)

Individual Models

Child care

1.86**‡ (1.38, 2.49)

1.54*† (1.10, 2.16)

1.53**† (1.12, 2.09)

Employment – full sample

1.07 (0.86, 1.33)

1.24 (0.94, 1.63)

1.26 (0.96, 1.65)

Employment – restricted sample

1.15 (0.88, 1.50)

1.15 (0.85, 1.55)

1.39 (< 1.00, 1.93)

Housing

1.52**‡ (1.20, 1.93)

1.89**‡ (1.33, 2.68)

1.81**‡ (1.39, 2.37)

Joint Models

Child care

1.80**‡ (1.34, 2.42)

1.47* (1.05, 2.06)

1.42* (1.04, 1.95)

Employment – full sample

1.03 (0.84, 1.28)

1.20 (0.91, 1.57)

1.20 (0.92, 1.57)

Employment – restricted sample

1.12 (0.87, 1.45)

1.11 (0.82, 1.50)

1.34 (0.97, 1.86)

Housing

1.36* (1.06, 1.74)

1.74*‡ (1.23, 2.48)

1.65**‡ (1.25, 2.18)

  1. Full (N = 464) and restricted (N = 374) samples were drawn from the ACCESS Study. Restricted sample excluded participants whose families were not employed (full- or part-time) for most of 2019. Results were derived from multivariable Poisson models with robust standard errors; each adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, marital status, foreign-born status, educational attainment, pre-COVID-19 employment, pre-COVID-19 income, home ownership, number of children, number of adults, caring for an infant, and timing of participants’ interviews. Individual models include just one disruption as the exposure variable; joint models contain all three
  2. Scores ≥ 10 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were classified as experiencing clinically meaningful depressive symptoms. Self-rated health was dichotomized into fair/poor vs. good/very good/excellent health. Food insecurity was determined by a score of ≥ 2 on the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) 6-item Household Food Security Survey Module
  3. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, † Romano-Wolf adjusted p < 0.10, ‡ Romano-Wolf adjusted p < 0.05