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Table 3 Time stratified models of predictors of mask wearing in public

From: Leveraging 13 million responses to the U.S. COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey to examine vaccine hesitancy, vaccination, and mask wearing, January 2021-February 2022

 

Wear mask “most” or “all the time”

 

Jan to May 2021

June to February 2022

Respondent characteristics

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Age 18–24

1.00

1.00

Age 25–34

0.94 (0.92, 0.96)

0.99 (0.98, 1.01)

Age 35–44

1.02 (0.99, 1.04)

1.12 (1.10, 1.14)

Age 45–54

1.04 (1.02, 1.06)

1.11 (1.10, 1.13)

Age 55–64

1.26 (1.24, 1.29)

1.32 (1.30, 1.34)

Age 65–74

1.41 (1.38, 1.45)

1.42 (1.40, 1.44)

Age 75 or older

1.26 (1.23, 1.29)

1.27 (1.25, 1.29)

< High school

1.00

1.00

High school

1.03 (1.00, 1.06)

0.84 (0.82, 0.85)

Some college

1.08 (1.05, 1.11)

0.83 (0.82, 0.85)

2 year degree

1.00 (0.97, 1.03)

0.80 (0.79, 0.82)

4 year degree

1.17 (1.14, 1.20)

0.82 (0.80, 0.83)

Master’s degree

0.97 (0.93, 1.00)

0.84 (0.83, 0.86)

Professional degree

0.70 (0.68, 0.73)

0.82 (0.80, 0.84)

Doctorate

1.20 (1.16, 1.23)

0.87 (0.85, 0.89)

Has COVID-like symptoms

1.17 (1.15, 1.18)

1.30 (1.29, 1.31)

Male

1.00

1.00

Female

2.06 (2.04, 2.08)

1.77 (1.76, 1.77)

Other gender

0.49 (0.48, 0.50)

1.02 (1.01, 1.04)

White

1.00

1.00

Hispanic

1.60 (1.57, 1.63)

1.59 (1.58, 1.61)

Black

3.34 (3.23, 3.44)

3.51 (3.45, 3.56)

Asian

2.88 (2.73, 3.03)

2.65 (2.59, 2.71)

American Indian/Alaska Native

1.19 (1.14, 1.24)

1.54 (1.50, 1.58)

Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

1.60 (1.42, 1.80)

2.23 (2.10, 2.37)

Multiple race

0.64 (0.63, 0.65)

0.97 (0.96, 0.98)

Unknown race

0.68 (0.66, 0.70)

1.10 (1.08, 1.12)

Other language vs. English

3.06 (2.92, 3.19)

2.21 (2.17, 2.25)

Community and social service

1.00

1.00

Education, library occupation

1.34 (1.29, 1.39)

1.09 (1.07, 1.11)

Arts, entertainment, media

1.03 (0.98, 1.08)

1.03 (1.01, 1.06)

Healthcare practitioners

1.06 (1.03, 1.10)

1.08 (1.06, 1.10)

Healthcare support

1.18 (1.14, 1.23)

1.11 (1.08, 1.13)

Protective service

0.44 (0.42, 0.46)

0.49 (0.47, 0.50)

Food preparation and serving

1.03 (0.99, 1.08)

0.88 (0.86, 0.90)

Building/grounds cleaning & maintenance

0.63 (0.60, 0.66)

0.69 (0.67, 0.71)

Personal care & service

0.76 (0.73, 0.80)

0.81 (0.79, 0.83)

Sales

0.70 (0.67, 0.72)

0.70 (0.68, 0.71)

Office & admin support

0.89 (0.86, 0.92)

0.78 (0.77, 0.80)

Construction

0.30 (0.29, 0.31)

0.35 (0.34, 0.36)

Installation & repair

0.39 (0.37, 0.40)

0.47 (0.46, 0.48)

Production

0.68 (0.66, 0.71)

0.64 (0.63, 0.66)

Transportation & material moving

0.59 (0.56, 0.61)

0.64 (0.63, 0.66)

Other occupation

0.69 (0.67, 0.72)

0.74 (0.72, 0.75)

Unemployed in past 4 weeks

1.06 (1.03, 1.10)

1.07 (1.06, 1.09)

Travelled outside the state

0.38 (0.37, 0.38)

0.58 (0.58, 0.58)

Family size

0.98 (0.98, 0.98)

0.99 (0.99, 0.99)

ZIP code characteristics

  

Population density

1.03 (1.03, 1.04)

1.03 (1.02, 1.03)

Median age

1.04 (1.03, 1.05)

1.05 (1.04, 1.06)

Median income

1.04 (1.04, 1.05)

1.01 (1.01, 1.02)

% of population holding a BA

1.26 (1.25, 1.27)

1.18 (1.18, 1.19)

Employment rate for civilians

0.81 (0.80, 0.82)

0.76 (0.76, 0.77)

% Black

1.03 (1.03, 1.04)

1.14 (1.14, 1.15)

% Hispanic

1.16 (1.15, 1.16)

1.27 (1.26, 1.27)

% Asian

1.05 (1.05, 1.06)

1.15 (1.15, 1.16)

Sidewalks

1.29 (1.28, 1.30)

1.10 (1.10, 1.11)

Mixed land use

0.85 (0.84, 0.85)

0.92 (0.92, 0.92)

N

4,282,805

5,067,621

  1. Individual-level data came from the U.S. COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey, Jan 2021-Feb 2022. N = number of individual survey responses included in the models. ZIP code demographics data came from American Community Survey (ACS) 2018 5-year estimates and ZIP code built environment data came from neighborhood characteristics derived from Google Street View images. Adjusted logistic regression models for mask wearing were stratified by time period. All models controlled simultaneously for all listed covariates. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to examine associates between predictors and mask wearing. Sampling weights were used to produce nationally representative estimates.