The effect of ECD program on the caregiver’s parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices: based on a cluster-randomized controlled trial in economically vulnerable areas of China

Table 5 TOT analysis of treatment on parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices

	Whether attended one-to-one session
	Coefficients	SE	Romano-Wolf P-value
Panel A. Parenting Knowledge(N = 548)
KIDI total score	0.035	0.094	0.980
Panel B. Parenting Attitude (N = 563)
PLOC overall	0.016	0.116	0.980
PLOC parental efficacy	0.163	0.107	0.327
PLOC parental responsibility	0.013	0.117	0.832
PLOC child control of parent’s life	0.023	0.086	0.941
PLOC parental control of child’s behavior	-0.139	0.149	0.961
Panel C. Parenting Practice(N = 564)
*Parent-child interactions*
Reading books	0.176	0.065	0.010
Telling stories	0.196	0.061	0.010
Singing songs	0.086	0.060	0.337
Taking child outside the home for play	-0.055	0.054	0.980
Playing with the child with toys	0.071	0.047	0.644
Naming things, counting, drawing	0.207	0.048	0.010
*Disciplining practices*
Taking away children’s things	-0.094	0.084	0.980
Limiting time	-0.172	0.117	0.060
Explanation	-0.073	0.090	0.931

Notes: In all regressions, we controlled for baseline parental knowledge, attitude and practices, child characteristics, and family characteristics. The scores for parental knowledge and attitudes were internally standardized. All standard errors were clustered at the village level. We also adjusted the multiple hypotheses testing problem using the step-down procedure of Romano and Wolf (2005) to control for the family wise error rate (FWER). The significance levels are as follows: *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.01

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