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Table 2 Food outlet healthiness classification and definition as NCD-healthy, NCD-unhealthy, or NCD-intermediate

From: Type, density, and healthiness of food-outlets in a university foodscape: a geographical mapping and characterisation of food resources in a Ghanaian university campus

Outlet healthiness category

Definition

NCD-healthy

This included outlets that had FV, other plant-based food options, organic foods, and low-fat food choices on offer or have been associated with healthy eating [47, 48]. E.g., Store/stall/table-top vendor specialising in selling fresh fruit and/or vegetable options only; Organic food store/stall/table-top vendor specialising in stocking only fresh organic fruit, vegetable, and other plant-based food options; Store/shop/stall/table-top vendor selling drinking water only; Fruit juice/smoothie/puree stand; Food service places (Restaurants) serving vegetable soups/sauces/stews, legume soups/stews/sauces, and vegetable salads as main part of menu

NCD-unhealthy

This encompassed food outlets that sold no fruit and/or vegetable choices, they offered ultra-processed foods (UPFs), high-fat, and energy-dense choices that encourage excess calorie intake (Costa et al., 2019 [49]; Costa et al., 2018 [50]; Nardocci et al., 2019 [51]; Piernas et al., 2016 [52]; Rauber et al., 2018 [53], 2020 [54]; WCRF/AICR, 2018 [55]). E.g., Store/stall/table-top vendors selling confectionery, carbonated/SSBs or drinks; ice creams; sugared/salted snacks including cookies, cakes, and biscuits; frozen pizza; jams; bouillon/stock cubes or powders; packaged instant noodles, salted fish/meat [55], blended kenkey (ice-kenkey). Food service places offering stir-fried rice, instant noodles, kelewele, deep-fried foods [56], sausages, khebab/other processed meat/salted meat, salted fish, burgers, hotdogs, chicken nuggets [55, 57], alcoholic drinks, milk shake

NCD-intermediate

This included food outlets that did not fit neatly into either of the NCD-healthy or NCD-unhealthy categories and the contribution of the foods/food outlet types to obesity/overweight, hypertension, or other NCDs is inconclusive or stocked proportionate mixture of foods known to be NCD-healthy as well as food known to be NCD-unhealthy