Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants across different obese phenotypes (n = 8,645)

Total

MHNO

MHO

MUNO

MUO

N = 8,645

 N = 2,257

 N = 80

 N = 5,360

 N = 948

Sociodemographics

Age, year

44

32

29

45

44

(29.00, 48.00)

(25.00, 45.00)

(24.00, 43.00)

(38.00, 49.00)

(33.75, 48.00)

Age subgroup

<45 years

4,716 (54.55)

1,640 (72.66)

61 (76.25)

2,489 (46.44)

526 (55.49)

≥ 45 years

3,929 (45.45)

617 (27.34)

19 (23.75)

2,871 (53.56)

422 (44.51)

Medical history

Diabetes

404 (4.67)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

345 (6.44)

59 (6.22)

Hypertension

1,071 (12.39)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

801 (14.94)

270 (28.48)

Hyperlipidemia

316 (3.66)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

231 (4.30)

85 (8.97)

CVD

76 (0.88)

13 (0.58)

0 (0.00)

52 (0.97)

11 (1.16)

Lifestyle behaviors

Current smoker

5,404 (62.51)

1,257 (55.69)

49 (61.25)

3,474 (64.81)

624 (65.82)

Current drinker

1,420 (16.41)

194 (8.60)

10 (12.25)

1,039 (19.38)

177 (18.67)

Circadian rhythm disorders

4,929 (57.02)

1,334 (59.11)

46 (57.50)

2,975 (55.50)

574 (60.55)

Clinical variables

BMI, kg/m²

24.04

22.03

29.37

24.13

29.46

(21.99, 26.26)

(20.10, 23.95)

(28.58, 30.30)

(22.46, 25.79)

(28.68, 30.74)

BMI < 28 kg/m²

7,617 (88.11)

2,257 (1.00)

0 (0.00)

5,360 (1.00)

0 (0.00)

28 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m²

625 (7.23)

0 (0.00)

52 (65.00)

0 (0.00)

573 (60.44)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²

403 (4.66)

0 (0.00)

28 (35.00)

0 (0.00)

375 (39.56)

SBP, mmHg

124

114

118

128

132

(114.00, 134.00)

(107.00, 120.00)

(112.75, 124.25)

(119.00, 137.00)

(124.00, 140.00)

DBP, mmHg

81

73

75.5

85

88

(74.00, 89.00)

(68.00, 78.00)

(70.75, 80.00)

(77.00, 91.00)

(81.00, 95.00)

TC, mmol/L

4.65

4.27

4.43

4.77

4.87

(4.08, 5.24)

(3.79, 4.80)

(3.95, 4.91)

(4.21, 5.38)

(4.33, 5.48)

TG, mmol/L

1.59

1.06

1.31

1.9

2.3

(1.10, 2.38)

(0.83, 1.30)

(1.15, 1.52)

(1.32, 2.65)

(1.67, 3.22)

HDL-C, mmol/L

1.34

1.46

1.35

1.31

1.23

(1.17, 1.54)

(1.31, 1.67)

(1.23, 1.50)

(1.13, 1.51)

(1.06, 1.38)

LDL-C, mmol/L

2.89

2.53

2.78

2.98

3.15

(2.41, 3.38)

(2.14, 2.97)

(2.48, 3.16)

(2.52, 3.48)

(2.74, 3.61)

FBG, mmol/L

5.2

4.95

4.96

5.33

5.43

(4.86, 5.63)

(4.68, 5.20)

(4.80, 5.22)

(4.95, 5.79)

(5.04, 6.01)

SUA, mmol/L

387

367

438

389

434

(337.00, 447.00)

(325.00, 419.00)

(381.00, 488.00)

(340.00, 447.00)

(374.00, 496.25)

Metabolic risk components

Elevated BP

4,021 (46.51)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

3,334 (62.20)

687 (72.47)

Elevated FBG

2,301 (26.62)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

1,894 (35.34)

407 (42.93)

Elevated TG

3,969 (45.91)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

3,273 (61.06)

696 (73.42)

Reduced HDL-C

1,016 (11.75)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

816 (15.22)

200 (21.10)

Number of abnormal metabolisms

1

2,702 (31.26)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

2,451 (45.73)

251 (26.48)

2

2,237 (25.88)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

1,867 (34.83)

370 (39.03)

3

1,170 (13.53)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

899 (16.77)

271 (28.59)

4

199 (2.30)

0 (0.00)

0 (0.00)

143 (2.67)

56 (5.91)

Outcome variables

CAP

1,260 (14.57)

121 (5.36)

7 (8.75)

955 (17.82)

177 (18.67)