Table 1 Characteristics of the non-DR, non-proliferative DR, and proliferative DR groups
Variables |  | Total (n = 196) | Non-DR (n = 79) | Non-proliferative DR (n = 73) | Proliferative DR (n = 44) | H/χ2 | p-Value | Post-hoc test* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | ≤ 60 years | 124 (63.3) | 51 (64.6) | 42 (57.5) | 31 (70.5) | 2.067 | 0.356a | NA |
|  | ≤ 60 years | 72 (36.7) | 28 (35.4) | 31 (42.5) | 13 (29.5) |  |  |  |
Sex | Female | 105 (53.6) | 42 (53.2) | 34 (46.6) | 29 (65.9) | 4.135 | 0.127a | NA |
| Â | Male | 91 (46.4) | 37 (46.8) | 39 (53.4) | 15 (34.1) | Â | Â | Â |
Ethnicity | Han | 101 (51.5) | 40 (50.6) | 30 (41.1) | 31 (70.5) | 9.517 | 0.009 a | NP |
| Â | Minority | 95 (48.5) | 39 (49.4) | 43 (58.9) | 13 (29.5) | Â | Â | Â |
Marital status | Married | 176 (89.8) | 70 (88.6) | 68 (93.2) | 38 (86.4) | Â | 0.447c | NA |
| Â | Unmarried, widows, divorces and separations | 20 (10.2) | 9 (11.4) | 5 (6.8) | 6 (13.6) | Â | Â | Â |
Educational attainment (years) | ≤ 9 | 118 (60.2) | 46 (58.2) | 41 (56.2) | 31 (70.5) | 2.556 | 0.279a | NA |
|  | > 9 | 78 (39.8) | 33 (41.8) | 32 (43.8) | 13 (29.5) |  |  |  |
Occupation status | Famer | 72 (36.7) | 26 (32.9) | 28 (38.4) | 18 (36.7) | 0.909 | 0.635a | NA |
| Â | Others | 124 (63.3) | 53 (67.1) | 45 (61.6) | 26 (59.1) | Â | Â | Â |
Low-income family | No | 165 (84.2) | 66 (83.5) | 64 (87.7) | 35 (79.5) | 1.402 | 0.496a | NA |
| Â | Yes | 31 (15.8) | 13 (16.5) | 9 (12.3) | 9 (20.5) | Â | Â | Â |
Diabetes duration (years) |  | 11.00 (7.00–15.00 ) | 9.00 (3.00–11.00 ) | 11.00 (8.00–16.00 ) | 11.00 (9.00–19.00 ) | 16.662 | <0.001 b | NW, PW |
History of diabetes nephropathy | No | 176 (89.8) | 76 (96.2) | 63 (86.3) | 37 (84.1) | Â | 0.034 c | NA** |
| Â | Yes | 20 (10.2) | 3 (3.8) | 10 (13.7) | 7 (15.9) | Â | Â | Â |
History of hypertension | No | 121 (61.7) | 52 (65.8) | 44 (60.3) | 25 (56.8) | 1.075 | 0.584a | NA |
| Â | Yes | 75 (38.3) | 27 (34.2) | 29 (39.7) | 19 (43.2) | Â | Â | Â |
Diabetes self-efficacy |  | 101.00 (84.00–116.00 ) | 101.00 (81.00–113.00 ) | 109.00 (95.00–122.00 ) | 92.00 (77.00–104.00 ) | 13.893 | 0.001 b | NW, NP |
Behavioral characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
General diet |  | 8.00 (7.00–12.00 ) | 8.00 (7.00–11.00 ) | 9.00 (7.00–12.00 ) | 8.00 (7.00–12.00 ) | 2.408 | 0.300b | NA |
Specific diet |  | 14.00 (8.00–14.00 ) | 14.00 (8.00–14.00 ) | 14.00 (9.00–14.00 ) | 14.00 (9.00–14.00 ) | 0.340 | 0.844b | NA |
Physical activity |  | 7.00 (4.00–13.00 ) | 7.00 (5.00–14.00 ) | 8.00 (6.00–14.00 ) | 6.00 (0.00–8.00 ) | 13.273 | 0.001 b | PW, NP |
Self-monitoring of blood glucose |  | 4.00 (2.00–12.00 ) | 2.00 (0.00–7.00 ) | 6.00 (2.00–14.00 ) | 6.00 (2.00–14.00 ) | 11.917 | 0.003 b | NW, PW |
Medication adherance |  | 7.00 (7.00–7.00 ) | 7.00 (7.00–7.00 ) | 7.00 (7.00–7.00 ) | 7.00 (7.00–7.00 ) | 1.924 | 0.382b | NA |
Social support |  | 38.00 (31.00–44.00 ) | 38.00 (31.00–44.00 ) | 39.00 (32.00–44.00 ) | 37.00 (31.00–43.00 ) | 0.893 | 0.640b | NA |
Family function |  | 10.00 (6.00–10.00 ) | 10.00 (5.00–10.00 ) | 10.00 (8.00–10.00 ) | 8.00 (5.00–10.00 ) | 8.14 | 0.017 b | NP |
Health service | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Accessible free blood glucose monitoring service | No | 77 (39.3) | 34 (43.0) | 26 (35.6) | 17 (38.6) | 0.886 | 0.642a | NA |
| Â | Yes | 119 (60.7) | 45 (57.0) | 47 (64.4) | 27 (61.4) | Â | Â | Â |
Accessible complication prevention and management education | No | 78 (39.8) | 29 (36.7) | 29 (39.7) | 20 (45.5) | 0.902 | 0.637a | NA |
| Â | Yes | 118 (60.2) | 50 (63.3) | 44 (60.3) | 24 (54.5) | Â | Â | Â |
Accessible undergoing regular fundus examination notice | No | 107 (54.6) | 43 (54.4) | 34 (46.6) | 30 (68.2) | 5.171 | 0.075a | NA |
| Â | Yes | 89 (45.4) | 36 (45.6) | 39 (53.4) | 14 (31.8) | Â | Â | Â |
Accessible lifestyle health education | No | 153 (78.1) | 61 (77.2) | 61 (83.6) | 31 (70.5) | 2.809 | 0.245a | NA |
| Â | Yes | 43 (21.9) | 18 (22.8) | 12 (16.4) | 13 (29.5) | Â | Â | Â |