Table 2 Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with PrEP use (n = 520, 2839 measures)^a and with correct PrEP adherence (n = 465, 1995 measures)^b

Age

1.01 [0.99–1.03], 0.528

1.01 [0.99–1.03], 0.448

1.02 [1.00–1.05], 0.043

Country of inclusion

 Burkina Faso

344 (17.2)

0.82 [0.57–1.16], 0.261

0.89 [0.60–1.30], 0.532

246 (16.8)

0.84 [0.57–1.24], 0.386

0.71 [0.46–1.09], 0.116

 Cote d’Ivoire

250 (12.5)

0.46 [0.33–0.65], < 0.001

0.42 [0.29–0.62], < 0.001

162 (11.1)

0.56 [0.37–0.84], 0.006

0.45 [0.28–0.71], 0.001

 Togo

558 (28.0)

0.85 [0.62–1.17], 0.327

0.70 [0.50–0.99], 0.045

418 (28.6)

1.00 [0.70–1.42], 0.997

1.02 [0.69–1.49], 0.937

 Mali

844 (42.3)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

636 (43.5)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Employment status

 Employed

1176 (58.9)

1.12 [0.90–1.38], 0.316

881 (60.3)

1.09 [0.84–1.40], 0.503

 Unemployed

802 (40.2)

1 (ref)

570 (39.0)

1 (ref)

Perception of financial situation

 Comfortable or just making ends meet

928 (46.5)

0.99 [0.80–1.21], 0.892

750 (51.3)

1.27 [0.99–1.62], 0.050

 Difficult or very difficult

1050 (52.6)

1 (ref)

701 (47.9)

1 (ref)

Perception of financial situation & PrEP regimen type

 Comfortable or just making ends meet & Daily

249 (12.5)

1.48 [1.03–2.13], 0.036

221 (15.1)

4.87 [3.00–7.89], < 0.001

4.19 [2.56–6.86], < 0.001

 Difficult or very difficult & Daily

354 (17.7)

1.31 [0.96–1.79], 0.085

314 (21.5)

5.53 [3.54–8.63], < 0.001

6.47 [4.05–10.30], < 0.001

 Comfortable or just making ends meet & Event-driven

676 (33.9)

0.98 [0.77–1.23], 0.839

480 (32.8)

1.58 [1.20–2.08], 0.001

1.63 [1.22–2.17], 0.001

 Difficult or very difficult & Event-driven

694 (34.8)

1 (ref)

436 (29.8)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Follow-up time

 > 12 months

933 (46.7)

0.71 [0.58–0.86], 0.001

735 (50.3)

1.69 [1.36–2.11], < 0.001

1.80 [1.42–2.28], < 0.001

 7–12 months

479 (24.0)

0.91 [0.75–1.11], 0.345

343 (23.5)

1.36 [1.09–1.70], 0.007

1.48 [1.14–1.92], 0.003

 0–6 months

584 (29.3)

1 (ref)

384 (26.3)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Recruitment type

 Ex-CohMSM participant

1279 (64.1)

0.83 [0.64–1.07], 0.151

0.74 [0.56–0.98], 0.034

938 (64.2)

0.90 [0.68–1.21], 0.503

1.21 [0.88–1.65], 0.243

 New participant

717 (35.9)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

524 (35.8)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Chosen PrEP regimen

 Daily

605 (30.3)

1.38 [1.08–1.77], 0.011

925 (63.3)

4.21[2.97–5.96], 0.000

 Event-driven

1386 (69.4)

1 (ref)

537 (36.7)

1 (ref)

Using PrEP is

 Difficult or very difficult

166 (08.3)

0.62 [0.49–0.78], < 0.001

0.64 [0.51–0.82], < 0.001

101 (6.9)

0.69 [0.50–0.95], 0.025

 Easy or very easy

1829 (91.6)

1 (ref)

1360 (93.0)

1 (ref)

Attended clinic outside of scheduled visits

 Yes

1058 (53.0)

1.30 [1.02–1.68], 0.037

1.32 [1.01–1.71], 0.040

667 (45.6)

0.80 [0.61–1.06], 0.123

 No

938 (47.0)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

795 (54.4)

1 (ref)

Contacted PE outside of scheduled visits

 Often

61 (03.1)

1.69 [0.91–3.12], 0.094

46 (3.2)

1.55 [0.78–3.11], 0.214

2.16 [1.01–4.64], 0.047

 Sometimes

618 (31.0)

1.01 [0.82–1.25], 0.901

427 (29.2)

0.79 [0.62–1.01], 0.060

0.82 [0.63–1.07], 0.140

 Never

1298 (65.1)

1 (ref)

977 (66.8)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Self-defined sexual orientation

 Heterosexual

37 (1.9)

1.24 [0.61–2.54], 0.552

24 (1.6)

0.95 [0.43–2.07], 0.891

 Homosexual. gay. trans

818 (41.0)

0.97 [0.78–1.21], 0.820

608 (41.6)

1.13 [0.87–1.47], 0.364

 Bisexual

1123 (56.3)

1 (ref)

819 (56.0)

1 (ref)

Self-defined gender identity

 Man or boy

1186 (59.4)

0.76 [0.61–0.94], 0.014

0.74 [0.59–0.94], 0.012

870 (59.5)

0.97 [0.75–1.24], 0.789

0.89 [0.67–1.19], 0.445

 Both a man and a woman; more a woman; neither a woman nor a man

792 (39.7)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

581 (39.7)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Perceived homosexuality stigma score

 Low (< median)

967 (48.5)

0.88 [0.71–1.09], 0.246

726 (49.7)

1.25 [0.97–1.61], 0.082

 High (≥ median)

966 (48.4)

1 (ref)

688 (47.1)

1 (ref)

Feeling alone

 Yes

1042 (52.2)

0.94 [0.77–1.16], 0.572

745 (51.0)

0.76 [0.60–0.98], 0.032

0.76 [0.58–0.99], 0.042

 No

865 (43.4)

1 (ref)

650 (44.5)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

Recreational drug use in the previous month

 Yes

184 (9.2)

1.47 [1.01–2.14], 0.045

1.49 [1.01–2.19], 0.044

136 (9.3)

1.12 [0.73–1.72], 0.597

 No

1723 (86.3)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

1259 (86.1)

1 (ref)

Condomless anal sex during most recent intercourse

 Yes

843 (42.3)

1.92 [1.60–2.29], < 0.001

1.86 [1.54–2.24], < 0.001

612 (41.9)

0.93 [0.75–1.15], 0.503

 No

1153 (57.7)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

850 (58.1)

1 (ref)

Receptive position during most recent anal intercourse

 Yes

1024 (51.3)

1.48 [1.21–1.82], < 0.001

757 (51.8)

1.20 [0.94–1.52], 0.142

No

972 (48.7)

1 (ref)

705 (48.2)

1 (ref)

Transactional sex in the previous three months

 Not concerned

463 (23.2)

1.19 [0.90–1.59], 0.228

350 (23.9)

1.15 [0.83–1.61], 0.396

 Rarely, often, always

445 (22.3)

1.24 [0.97–1.56], 0.081

332 (22.7)

1.11 [0.85–1.47], 0.442

 Never

1088 (54.5)

1 (ref)

780 (53.4)

1 (ref)

Number of sexual intercourses with stable partner in previous month

 5 + 

168 (8.4)

1.59 [1.17–2.17], 0.003

1.50 [1.08–2.07], 0.014

113 (7.7)

0.74 [0.52–1.04], 0.086

 1–4

1158 (58.0)

1.51 [1.29–1.78], < 0.001

1.45 [1.23–1.72], < 0.001

870 (59.5)

1.07 [0.87–1.31], 0.540

 None or no stable partner

662 (33.2)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)

476 (32.6)

1 (ref)

Number of sexual intercourses with casual partner(s) in previous month

 5 + 

104 (5.2)

0.73 [0.51–1.04], 0.078

66 (4.5)

0.65 [0.43–0.99], 0.046

0.56 [0.34–0.92], 0.022

 1–4

730 (36.6)

0.87 [0.73–1.03], 0.109

527 (36.1)

0.99 [0.80–1.23], 0.941

0.98 [0.76–1.28], 0.904

 None or no casual partner

1159 (58.1)

1 (ref)

866 (59.2)

1 (ref)

Sexual position with stable partner in the previous three months

 No stable partner

371 (18.6)

0.88 [0.70–1.10], 0.267

268 (18.3)

1.13 [0.85–1.49], 0.411

1.09 [0.78–1.51], 0.620

 Receptive or versatile

894 (44.8)

1.10 [0.90–1.36], 0.350

675 (46.2)

1.30 [1.02–1.67], 0.033

1.36 [1.03–1.81], 0.030

 Exclusively insertive

707 (35.4)

1 (ref)

503 (34.4)

1 (ref)

1 (ref)