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Table 4 Multivariable logistic and multinomial regression models for past-year IPV and changes in frequency relative to COVID-19 (referent = decreased IPV), per country

From: Violence against women from partners and other household members during COVID-19 in Burkina Faso and Kenya

 

Burkina Faso

Kenya

Multivariable Logistic

Multivariable Multinomial

Multivariable Logistic

Multivariable Multinomial

Any IPV (n = 904; 25.7%)

Decreased (ref) (n = 542; 64.8%)

Increased (n = 165; 16.0%)

Sustained (n = 175; 19.2%)

Any IPV (n = 966; 23.5%)

Decreased (ref) (n = 367; 36.4%)

Increased (n = 313; 33.6%)

Sustained (n = 286; 30.0%)

%*

OR

(95% CI)

%*

%*

RRR

(95% CI)

%*

RRR

(95% CI)

%*

OR

(95% CI)

%*

%*

RRR

(95% CI)

%*

RRR

(95% CI)

Residence

 Urban

29.0

 

53.8

22.3

ref

24.0

ref

22.6

 

27.9

37.7

ref

34.5

ref

 Rural

24.9

 

67.9

14.3

0.53

(0.27, 1.06)

17.8

0.34

(0.13, 0.88)*

23.9

 

39.9

31.9

0.70

(0.41, 1.19)

28.2

0.55

(0.30, 1.00)*

Partner dyad

 Husband’s nights away from home in the past 12 months

  0 night away

24.3

ref

62.0

18.2

 

19.8

 

20.7

ref

33.1

32.0

 

35.0

 

  Less than 30

31.6

1.47

(1.09, 1.97)*

64.3

14.3

 

21.4

 

30.2

1.65

(1.31, 2.09)***

40.1

34.6

 

25.4

 

  30 or more

23.6

0.96

(0.70, 1.33)

70.0

14.4

 

15.6

 

23.4

1.17

(0.90, 1.54)

38.8

36.4

 

24.8

 

 Partner education

  None

25.5

 

63.8

16.0

ref

20.2

ref

39.6

 

61.8

25.5

 

12.7

 

 Primary

27.2

 

61.6

17.6

0.85

(0.48, 1.53)

20.9

1.00

(0.62, 1.60)

27.2

 

35.6

33.6

 

30.8

 

  Secondary or Higher

24.6

 

73.7

14.1

0.37

(0.19, 0.74)**

12.2

0.47

(0.25, 0.90)*

19.1

 

33.4

34.9

 

31.7

 

 Husband has other wives

  No

25.6

 

64.0

18.5

 

20.2

 

22.1

ref

35.0

35.0

 

30.0

 

  Yes

25.8

 

66.8

16.4

 

16.8

 

33.8

1.48

(1.13, 1.94)**

42.8

27.0

 

30.0

 

 Decision-making score

   ≤ 3

23.4

 

66.3

17.1

 

16.6

 

27.3

ref

40.6

32.7

 

26.7

 

   > 3

31.6

 

61.9

14.0

 

24.2

 

21.9

0.79

(0.64, 0.98)*

34.1

34.1

 

31.8

 

 Economically reliant on husband/partner for basic needs

 No

30.2

ref

64.4

15.9

 

19.7

 

25.1

 

35.2

30.6

 

34.3

 

 Yes

21.5

0.65

(0.49, 0.87)**

65.4

16.1

 

18.5

 

22.6

 

37.2

35.7

 

27.1

 

Socioeconomic

 Education

  None

24.1

 

66.5

14.1

ref

19.4

ref

31.8

 

59.7

26.8

0.81

(0.30, 2.15)

13.6

0.58

(0.22, 1.56)

  Primary

28.1

 

54.6

18.8

1.39

(0.73, 2.63)

26.7

1.62

(0.94, 2.79)

27.1

 

33.1

34.3

ref

32.6

ref

  Secondary or Higher

30.0

 

70.7

19.8

1.25

(0.51, 3.11)

9.5

0.44

(0.22, 0.89)*

19.0

 

37.6

34.0

0.67

(0.46, 0.97)*

28.4

0.67

(0.42, 1.06)

 Household Wealth

  Lowest

22.0

 

67.4

6.6

ref

26.1

ref

29.0

 

38.2

31.5

 

30.3

 

  Middle

27.3

 

66.4

20.0

3.36

(1.66, 3.78)**

13.6

0.46

(0.23, 0.92)*

22.3

 

38.5

30.5

 

31.0

 

  Highest

28.1

 

60.9

20.4

3.33

(1.26, 8.82)*

18.7

0.56

(0.20, 1.55)

18.1

 

29.8

42.2

 

28.1

 

 Income loss, past year

  None

22.5

 

66.5

13.3

 

20.3

 

17.4

ref

43.6

20.9

ref

35.5

ref

  Partial

28.1

 

63.3

18.6

 

18.1

 

22.3

1.68

(1.19, 2.38)**

36.4

32.7

1.55

(0.88, 2.72)

30.9

0.84

(0.42, 1.67)

  Complete

33.4

 

63.7

17.5

 

18.8

 

30.4

2.38

(1.66, 3.42)***

33.4

40.1

2.03

(1.05, 3.92)*

26.5

0.70

(0.35, 1.42)

  1. Multivariable logistic regression compares any IPV experience to no IPV experience (referent). Multivariable multinomial regression compares IPV experience trajectory since COVID-19 restrictions (increased, sustained) to decreased IPV experience (referent). Model adjusted for all variables with p < 0.1 from bivariate models (not presented). Associations that remained significant (p < 0.05) after adjustment are presented. Burkina Faso logistic model adjusted for age, education, parity, household wealth tertile, worked in the last year, decision spending score, and income loss in the last 12 months. Burkina Faso multinomial model adjusted for age, education, residence, parity, household wealth tertile, level of financial knowledge, knows where to go for financial advice, and partner education. Kenya logistic model adjusted for education, household wealth tertile, savings, mobile money account, knows where to go for financial advice, financial goal, husband's nights away from home, partner education, husband has other wives, decision spending score, and income loss in last 12 months. Kenya multinomial model adjusted for education, residence, household wealth tertile, work last year, mobile money account, financial goal, husband's nights away from home, partner education, husband has other wives, decision spending score, and income loss in last 12 months. * p<0.05*
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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