Stronger association of perceived health with socio-economic inequality during COVID-19 pandemic than pre-pandemic era

Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics

		2018 (N = 1200)		2021 (N = 1000)		Wald F^c	2018	2021	Walf F^c Adjusted for Propensity score^d
		years	mean (SD)	years	mean (SD)	p-value
Age (yrs)		46.97	14.18	47.96	14.66	0.27
Age (yrs)		N	%	N	%	p-value	%^a	%^b	p-value
Sex	Male	592	49.33	503	50.3	0.65	49.4	49.36	0.9786
Sex	Female	608	50.67	497	49.7		50.6	50.64
Age (yrs)	20–29	194	16.17	166	16.60	< 0.001	16.02	16.01	0.9781
	30–39	212	17.67	166	16.60		17.1	17.28
	40–49	249	20.75	205	20.50		20.34	20.36
	50–59	239	19.92	209	20.90		20.3	20.48
	60–69	269	22.42	164	16.40		19.73	20
	≥70	37	3.08	90	9.00		6.51	5.88
Educational level	College graduate	539	44.92	541	54.10	< 0.001	49.27	49.26	0.9623
	Highschool graduate	537	44.75	361	36.10		40.54	40.79
	Middle school or less	124	10.33	98	9.80		10.19	9.96
Monthly household income	≥5000	249	20.75	276	27.60	< 0.001	24.19	23.84	0.9944
	4000-5000	300	25.00	275	27.50		26.05	26.11
	3000-4000	344	28.67	228	22.80		25.99	26.09
	< 3.000	307	25.58	221	22.10		23.77	23.96
Marital Status	Not married	884	73.67	714	71.40	0.2	72.12	72.49	0.7856
Marital Status	Married	316	26.33	286	28.60		27.88	27.51
Residence	Urban	543	45.25	460	46.00	0.7	44.83	45.08	0.8659
Residence	Rural/suburban	657	54.75	540	54.00		55.17	54.92
Religion	Having religion	491	40.92	360	36.00	0.02	38.62	38.49
Religion	No religion	709	59.08	640	64.00		61.37	61.51
Employment status	Occupied	840	70.00	747	74.70	0.01	72.2	62.2	0.9978
Employment status	Non-occupied	360	30.00	253	25.30		27.8	27.8

^aPercentage weighted to reflect all eligible participants. Before COVID group sample size = 1200, weighted = 2273.80
^bAfter COVID group sample size = 1000, weighted = 2192.88
^cF statistics based on Wald Chi-square test statistics
^dPropensity score summarize difference in observable characteristics between before COVID group and after COVID group (i.e., age, sex, marital status, educational level, monthly household income, residential area, religion, and employment status etc.)

ISSN: 1471-2458