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Table 4 Estimated associations of an increase in IQR in annual average air pollution exposure and presence of vitamin D deficiency according to obesity status

From: Associations between ambient air pollution, obesity, and serum vitamin D status in the general population of Korean adults

Sample

Exposure

Normal (n = 13,448)

Overweight (n = 7,203)

Obesity (n = 9,591)

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Total

Crude

      
 

PM10 (μg/m3)

1.09 (1.03, 1.15)

0.002

1.11 (1.03, 1.19)

0.006

1.11 (1.04, 1.18)

0.002

 

NO2 (ppb)

1.64 (1.55, 1.74)

 < 0.0001

1.58 (1.45, 1.71)

 < 0.0001

1.52 (1.41, 1.63)

 < 0.0001

 

CO (ppm)

1.14 (1.09, 1.20)

 < 0.0001

1.16 (1.07, 1.23)

 < 0.0001

1.18 (1.12, 1.25)

 < 0.0001

 

Adjusted model

      
 

PM10 (μg/m3)

1.06 (0.99, 1.13)

0.08

1.07 (0.98, 1.17)

0.12

1.16 (1.07, 1.25)

0.0002

 

NO2 (ppb)

1.49 (1.36, 1.63)

 < 0.0001

1.4 (1.24, 1.60)

 < 0.0001

1.47 (1.31, 1.65)

 < 0.0001

 

CO (ppm)

1.13 (1.08, 1.19)

 < 0.0001

1.16 (1.08, 1.24)

 < 0.0001

1.21 (1.14, 1.29)

 < 0.0001

Women

Crude

      
 

PM10 (μg/m3)

1.12 (1.05, 1.20)

0.0007

1.16 (1.05, 1.28)

0.004

1.21 (1.11, 1.32)

 < 0.0001

 

NO2 (ppb)

1.54 (1.43, 1.66)

 < 0.0001

1.44 (1.29, 1.61)

 < 0.0001

1.63 (1.48, 1.80)

 < 0.0001

 

CO (ppm)

1.17 (1.11, 1.24)

 < 0.0001

1.14 (1.05, 1.24)

0.003

1.27 (1.18, 1.36)

 < 0.0001

 

Adjusted model

      
 

PM10 (μg/m3)

1.10 (1.02, 1.19)

0.02

1.12 (1.1, 1.26)

0.06

1.27 (1.15, 1.40)

 < 0.0001

 

NO2 (ppb)

1.39 (1.25, 1.56)

 < 0.0001

1.25 (1.06, 1.48)

0.009

1.59 (1.36, 1.85)

 < 0.0001

 

CO (ppm)

1.15 (1.08, 1.22)

 < 0.0001

1.13 (1.03, 1.23)

0.010

1.30 (1.20, 1.41)

 < 0.0001

Men

Crude

      
 

PM10 (μg/m3)

1.01 (0.92, 1.11)

0.85

1.07 (0.96, 1.21)

0.22

1.01 (0.92, 1.12)

0.83

 

NO2 (ppb)

1.77 (1.60, 1.97)

 < 0.0001

1.85 (1.63, 2.11)

 < 0.0001

1.54 (1.38, 1.72)

 < 0.0001

 

CO (ppm)

1.09 (1.01, 1.18)

0.03

1.21 (1.10, 1.34)

0.0002

1.09 (0.99, 1.19)

0.062

 

Adjusted model

      
 

PM10 (μg/m3)

0.98 (0.88, 1.09)

0.73

1.01 (0.88, 1.16)

0.87

1.03 (0.92, 1.16)

0.58

 

NO2 (ppb)

1.73 (1.47, 2.03)

 < 0.0001

1.65 (1.35, 2.01)

 < 0.0001

1.33 (1.12, 1.58)

0.001

 

CO (ppm)

1.11 (1.02, 1.20)

0.02

1.19 (1.07, 1.33)

0.002

1.09 (0.99, 1.20)

0.09

  1. The ORs and 95% CIs for each air pollutant were scaled to the IQR for each pollutant: 9 μg/m3 for PM10, 11 ppb for NO2, and 0.1 ppm for CO
  2. The adjust model was adjusted for demographic variables including age, sex, education level, household income, survey period, residential region (urban vs rural), smoking status, alcohol consumption, and moderate physical activity
  3. IQR Interquartile range, OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval, PM10 Particulate matter < 10 μm in diameter, NO2 Nitrogen dioxide, CO Carbon monoxide