Table 2 Estimated associations of an increase in the IQR for annual average air pollution exposure and serum vitamin D level or the presence of vitamin D deficiency in the total sample
| Â | Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) level | Presence of vitamin D deficiency | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude | Adjusted model | Crude | Adjusted model | ||||||
β (95% CI) | p-value | β (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
Total (n = 30,242) | |||||||||
 PM10 (μg/m3) | –0.02 (-0.03, -0.01) | 0.02 | –0.02 (-0.03, -0.01) | 0.004 | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) |  < 0.0001 | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) |  < 0.0001 | |
 NO2 (ppb) | –0.20 (-0.21, -0.19) |  < 0.0001 | –0.13 (-0.15, -0.11) |  < 0.0001 | 1.59 (1.53, 1.66) |  < 0.0001 | 1.47 (1.38, 1.56) |  < 0.0001 | |
 CO (ppm) | –0.04 (-0.05, -0.03) |  < 0.0001 | –0.04 (-0.05, -0.03) |  < 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.19) |  < 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) |  < 0.0001 | |
Women (n = 17,172) | |||||||||
 PM10 (μg/m3) | –0.04 (-0.06, -0.02) |  < 0.0001 | –0.04 (-0.06, -0.02) |  < 0.0001 | 1.15 (1.10, 1.21) |  < 0.0001 | 1.15 (1.09, 1.21) |  < 0.0001 | |
 NO2 (ppb) | –0.18 (-0.20, -0.16) |  < 0.0001 | –0.12 (-0.14, -0.10) |  < 0.0001 | 1.556 (1.48, 1.64) |  < 0.0001 | 1.41 (1.31, 1.53) |  < 0.0001 | |
 CO (ppm) | –0.06 (-0.07, -0.05) |  < 0.0001 | –0.06 (-0.07, -0.05) |  < 0.0001 | 1.19 (1.14, 1.24) |  < 0.0001 | 1.18 (1.14, 1.23) |  < 0.0001 | |
Men (n = 13,070) | |||||||||
 PM10 (μg/m3) | 0.002 (0.000, 0.004) | 0.049 | 0.009 (-0.01, 0.03) | 0.41 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.42 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.89 | |
 NO2 (ppb) | –0.23 (-0.25, -0.21) |  < 0.0001 | –0.14 (-0.18, -0.10) |  < 0.0001 | 1.70 (1.59, 1.82) |  < 0.0001 | 1.56 (1.41, 1.72) |  < 0.0001 | |
 CO (ppm) | –0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) | 0.19 | –0.02 (-0.04, -0.004) | 0.037 | 1.12 (1.06, 1.17) |  < 0.0001 | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) |  < 0.0001 | |