Table 3 Risk of upper limb fractures associated with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of adolescents
Characteristic | Disease status | OR | 95% CI | Significance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases (N = 450) | Controls (N = 450) | ||||||
No | % | No | % | ||||
Age | |||||||
10 to 14 years | 351 | 78.2 | 284 | 64.0 | 2.02 | 1.50–2.71 | χ2 = 21.94 |
> 14 to 19 years | 98 | 21.8 | 166 | 36.0 | 1.0 | p < 0.001 | |
Sex | |||||||
Males | 371 | 82.4 | 246 | 54.7 | 3.89 | 2.87–5.29 | χ2 = 80.54 |
Females | 79 | 17.6 | 204 | 45.3 | 1.0 | P < 0.001 | |
Ethnicity | |||||||
Sinhalese | 330 | 73.3 | 398 | 88.4 | 2.78 | 1.95–3.98 | χ2 = 33.2 |
Non -Sinhalese | 120 | 26.7 | 52 | 11.6 | 1.0 | P < 0.001 | |
Religion | |||||||
Buddhists | 286 | 63.6 | 375 | 83.3 | 2.8 | 2.09–3.92 | χ2 = 45.13 |
Non-Buddhists | 164 | 36.4 | 75 | 16.7 | 1.0 | P < 0.001 | |
Parents employed | |||||||
Employed | 432 | 96.0 | 442 | 98.7 | 3.1 | 1.21–7.82 | χ 2 = 6.14 |
Not employed | 18 | 4.0 | 6 | 1.3 | 1.0 | p = 0.021 | |
No: of siblings | |||||||
One sibling | 187 | 41.6 | 143 | 31.8 | 0.66 | 0.49–0.86 | χ 2 = 9.26 |
More than one | 263 | 58.4 | 307 | 68.2 | 1.0 | p = 0.003 | |
Social class | |||||||
High (Social class I &II | 86 | 18.4 | 36 | 8.0 | 2.58 | 1.70–3.92 | χ 2 = 21.01 |
Low (Social class III, IV & V) | 364 | 81.6 | 414 | 92.0 | 1.0 | p < 0.001 | |
Monthly family income | |||||||
LKRa 30,000 or less | 3 | 0.7 | 24 | 5.5 | 0.12 | 0.35–0.39 | χ 2 = 1.05α |
More than LKRa 30,000 | 447 | 99.3 | 426 | 94.5 | 1.0 | p < 0.001 | |
Standard of living | |||||||
High | 419 | 93.1 | 357 | 79.3 | 3.52 | 2.29–5.41 | χ 2 = 35.95 |
Low | 31 | 6.9 | 93 | 20.7 | 1.0 | p < 0.001 | |