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Table 4 Summary of perceived risk scores (n = 90) of drinking tap water in Nogales, Arizona relative to several other voluntary activities on a Likert scale from 1 (low risk) to 5 (high risk)

From: Risk perceptions of drinking bottled vs. tap water in a low-income community on the US-Mexico Border

Activity

Mean

SD

Mean difference

P-value

Drinking-water activities

 Drinking tap water in Nogales, AZ, USA

4.7

0.8

Ref

Ref

 Drinking tap water in Guadalajara, Jalisco, México

4.1

1.1

0.6

0.431

 Drinking tap water in Nogales, Sonora, México

4.8

0.6

-0.1

0.972

 Drinking tap water in San Francisco, CA, USA

3.4

1.4

1.3

< 0.001*

 Drinking tap water in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

3.4

1.3

1.3

< 0.001*

 Drinking water from a well

4.6

1.0

0.1

1.00

Other activities

 Drinking and driving

4.8

0.6

-0.2

1.00

 Driving a car

3.1

1.3

1.6

< 0.001*

 Exposure to pesticides

4.7

0.6

0.0

0.984

 Firing a gun

4.3

0.9

0.4

0.972

 Listening to loud music

3.8

1.4

0.8

0.020*

 Playing American football

3.8

1.1

0.9

0.022*

 Riding a motorcycle

2.6

1.3

2.1

< 0.001*

 Riding in a car without a seatbelt

4.4

0.9

0.3

0.971

 Smoking

3.5

1.2

1.2

< 0.001*

 Using Raid™ (insecticide)

3.3

1.3

1.4

< 0.001*

  1. *Statistically significant (α = 0.05)