Table 2 Association between demographic characteristics (baseline) and emotional/instrumental support at each time point

Age (in 10 years)

−0.002

(− 0.010 to 0.061)

0.667

− 0.215

(− 0.302 to − 0.128)

0.000

− 0.123

(− 0.216 to − 0.030)

0.009

 Men

 Women

0.257

(0.063 to 0.451)

0.009

0.235

(0.019 to 0.452)

0.033

0.300

(0.069 to 0.530)

0.011

 No

 Yes

0.112

(−0.089 to 0.314)

0.273

0.309

(0.081 to 0.538)

0.008

0.090

(−0.154 to 0.334)

0.471

 Africa

 Middle East

−0.106

(− 0.497 to 0.285)

0.596

0.182

(−0.319 to 0.683)

0.476

−0.653

(−1.203 to − 0.102)

0.020

 South-East Asia

−0.406

(− 0.943 to 0.132)

0.139

− 0.182

(− 0.839 to 0.474)

0.586

− 0.930

(− 1.671 to − 0.189)

0.014

 Southern Asia

0.297

(− 0.193 to 0.788)

0.235

0.017

(−0.575 to 0.610)

0.954

0.127

(−0.537 to 0.792)

0.707

 Central Asia

−0.990

(−1.413 to − 0.566)

0.000

− 0.895

(− 1.427 to − 0.363)

0.001

−0.898

(−1.485 to − 0.311)

0.003

English proficiency (score)

0.132

(0.095 to 0.169)

0.000

0.0676

(0.027 to 0.109)

0.001

0.091

(0.047 to 0.136)

0.000

 6 or fewer years of schooling

 7 to 11 years of schooling

−0.288

(−0.548 to −0.027)

0.031

0.061

(−0.229 to 0.352)

0.679

−0.057

(−0.363 to 0.245)

0.705

 12 or more years of schooling

−0.508

(−0.790 to − 0.225)

0.000

−0.076

(− 0.389 to 0.237)

0.634

− 0.404

(− 0.740 to − 0.069)

0.018

 Major cities

 Regional Australia

0.547

(0.203 to 0.890)

0.002

0.208

(−0.167 to 0.584)

0.277

−0.181

(−0.580 to 0.218)

0.374

 Onshore

 Offshore

0.153

(−0.121 to 0.427)

0.274

0.904

(0.575 to 1.234)

0.000

0.549

(0.185 to 0.914)

0.003

 Own or spouse/parent’s salary, savings

 Government payments

0.020

(−0.313 to 0.353)

0.906

0.135

(−0.246 to 0.515)

0.488

0.033

(−0.257 to 0.323)

0.824