Neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors moderate the association between physical activity and relative age effect: a cross-sectional survey study with Japanese adolescents

Table 6 Estimates from multilevel linear modeling for female adolescents’ Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) (n = 4015)

	Model 1	Model 2a	Model 2b	Model 2c	Model 3a	Model 3b	Model 3c
	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)
Fixed effects
Intercept	5.09 (0.20)**	5.06 (0.20)**	5.07 (0.20)**	5.07 (0.20)**	5.06 (0.20)**	5.07 (0.20)**	5.07 (0.20)**
Birth month	-0.25 (0.05)**	-0.26 (0.06)**	-0.26(0.06)**	-0.25 (0.05)**	-0.26 (0.05)**	-0.25 (0.05)**	-0.26 (0.05)**
Socioeconomic factor
Areal deprivation		0.01 (0.01)			0.01 (0.01)
Average annual income			-0.00 (0.00)			-0.01 (0.00)
Education level				-0.02 (0.03)			-0.02 (0.03)
Cross-level interaction
Birth month*Areal Deprivation					-0.00 (0.00)*
Birth month*Average annual income						0.00 (0.00)
Birth month*Education level							0.01 (0.01)

MVPA was normalized by a Box-Cox transformation
SE Standard error
Model1: Only birth month was considered. No socioeconomic factor was added
Model2: Birth month and one socioeconomic factor(Model 2a: Areal deprivation, Model 2b:Average annual income, Model 2c: Education level)
Model3: Birth month, one socioeconomic factor and one cross-level interaction (Model 3a: Birth month*Areal deprivation, Model 3b: Birth month*Average annual income, Model 3c: Birth month*Education level)
All models were adjusted for age, body weight, sports club activities, population density
^**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, Interclass correlation coefficients = 0.05, Design effect = 4.74

ISSN: 1471-2458