Table 1 Effect estimates of selected meta-analyses of total dairy consumption, milk consumption, low-fat dairy consumption, high-fat dairy consumption, and disease outcomes
Source | Disease Outcome | Studies Included in Analysis (n) | Comparison | RR | 95% CI | P-value for Heterogeneity | I2 value | Funding Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dairy Consumption | ||||||||
 Dong (2011) [32] | Breast Cancer | 10 | High vs. Low | 0.85 | 0.76–0.95 | 0.012 | 54.5% | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
 Schwingshackl (2018) [33] | Colorectal Cancer | 18 | High vs. Low | 0.83 | 0.76–0.89 |  < 0.00 | 61% | None |
 Gholami (2017) [34] | Cardiovascular Disease | 10 | High vs. Low | 0.90 | 0.81–0.99 | 0.009 | 55.8% | None |
 Schwingshackl (2017) [36] | Type 2 Diabetes | 21 | High vs. Low | 0.91 | 0.85–0.97 |  < 0.0001 | 63% | NHS BRC grant (Interventional Public Health) |
 Gholami (2017) [34] | Stroke | 16 | High vs. Low | 0.88 | 0.82–0.95 | 0.000 | 63.1% | None |
 Schwingshackl (2017) [35] | Hypertension | 9 | High vs. Low | 0.89 | 0.86–0.93 | 0.65 | 0% | None |
Milk Consumption | ||||||||
 Jin (2020) [37] | Colorectal Cancer | 20 | High vs Low | 0.81 | 0.76–0.86 | 0.138 | 23.6% | National Research Foundation of Korea |
 Tian (2017) [38] | Type 2 Diabetes | 7 | High vs. Low | 0.87 | 0.78–0.96 | 0.01 | 52.2% | National Natural Science Foundation of China; Wu Lian De Grant of Harbin Medical University |
Low-Fat Dairy Consumption | ||||||||
 Dong (2011) [32] | Breast Cancer | 4 | High vs. Low | 0.84 | 0.73–0.96 | 0.07 | 53.7% | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
 Aune (2013) [39] | Type 2 Diabetes | 9 | High vs. Low | 0.83 | 0.76–0.90 | 0.67 | 0.0% | Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology |
 Gholami (2017) [34] | Stroke | 9 | High vs. Low | 0.94 | 0.90–0.98 | 0.61 | 0.0% | None |
 Ralston (2012) [40] | Hypertension | 4 | High vs. Low | 0.84 | 0.74–0.95 | NR | 38% | National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia |
High-Fat Dairy Consumption | ||||||||
 Barrubes (2019) [41] | Colorectal Cancer | 2 | High vs. Low | 0.68 | 0.53–0.87 | 0.06 | 71% | Interprofessional Dairy Organization (NLAC), Spain |
 Alexander (2016) [42] | Stroke | 3 | High vs. Low | 0.91 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.882 | 0.0% | Dairy Research Institute |