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Table 1 Demographic data of the study population, overall and stratified by school level

From: Influence of parental behavior on myopigenic behaviors and risk of myopia: analysis of nationwide survey data in children aged 3 to 18 years

 

Overall

Kindergarten

Elementary school

High school

(N = 3845)

(n = 950)

(n = 1374)

(n = 1521)

Myopia

No myopia

p value

Myopia

No myopia

p value

Myopia

No myopia

p value

Myopia

No myopia

p value

Number of children

1894

1951

 

50

900

 

590

784

 

1254

267

 

Age (mean ± SD)

13.47 ± 3.34

7.92 ± 3.66

 < 0.001

4.94 ± 0.89

4.95 ± 0.85

0.95

9.99 ± 1.72

8.88 ± 1.75

 < 0.001

15.45 ± 1.71

15.04 ± 1.79

 < 0.001

Male (%)

971 (51.3)

1012 (51.9)

0.72

24 (48.0)

471 (52.3)

0.65

291 (49.3)

392 (50.0)

0.83

656 (52.3)

149 (55.8)

0.33

High SES (%)

725 (38.3)

722 (37.0)

0.26

14 (28.0)

336 (37.3)

0.19

258 (43.7)

295 (37.6)

0.03

453 (36.1)

91 (34.1)

0.37

Parental smoking (%)

777 (41.0)

790 (40.5)

0.70

20 (40.0)

349 (38.8)

0.93

240 (40.7)

317 (40.4)

0.97

517 (41.2)

124 (46.4)

0.11

High parental education level (%)

267 (14.1)

339 (17.4)

0.008

7 (14.0)

155 (17.2)

0.73

111 (18.8)

153 (19.5)

0.81

149 (11.9)

31 (11.6)

0.94

Parental myopia (%)

1330 (70.2)

1381 (70.8)

0.61

41 (82.0)

672 (74.7)

0.11

486 (82.4)

581 (74.1)

0.001

803 (64.0)

128 (47.9)

 < 0.001

Parental behavior score (mean ± SD)

44.30 ± 7.50

46.31 ± 7.90

 < 0.001

48.24 ± 6.42

48.30 ± 7.52

0.95

47.17 ± 7.69

45.78 ± 7.50

 < 0.001

42.78 ± 6.98

41.12 ± 7.75

0.001

Beneficial parental behaviour (score50) (%)

450 (23.8)

676 (34.6)

 < 0.001

22 (44.0)

396 (44.0)

1.00

223 (37.8)

243 (31.0)

0.01

205 (16.3)

37 (13.9)

0.36

  1. Socioeconomic status was defined as high if self-reported monthly family income was above 75,000 New Taiwan Dollars
  2. Parental smoking was defined as self-reported smoking habit in either parent or both
  3. Parental education level was defined as high if either parent had completed a graduate school
  4. Parental myopia was defined as self-reported myopia in either parent or both
  5. SD Standard deviation, SES Socioeconomic status
  6. Number in bold indicated p < 0.05