| Handwashing with water (Average of four items) | Handwashing with soap (Average of four items) | Hygiene practices (Average of fifteen items) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time periods | April | July/August (J/A) | J/A(controlling for April) | April | July/August (J/A) | J/A(controlling for April) | April | July/August (J/A) | J/A(controlling for April) |
 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
Panel A: Eq. (1) Adjustments for childhood education/residence as below, as well as demographic/ behavioral/labor/age and prefecture dummies | |||||||||
 Elementary School Education | |||||||||
  Everyone in my class was supervised by teachers to ensure that they washed their hands in turn | 0.0256*** | 0.0191*** | 0.0124* | 0.0666*** | 0.0608*** | 0.0164 | 0.3159*** | 0.2871*** | 0.1084** |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.012) | (0.058) | (0.059) | (0.049) | |
  There was a handmade soap making class | 0.0278*** | 0.0203** | 0.0122 | 0.0817*** | 0.0833*** | 0.0294** | 0.1864*** | 0.1452** | 0.0388 |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.014) | (0.071) | (0.072) | (0.060) | |
 Childhood Residential Area Near Shrines/Temples | |||||||||
  There were shrines near my house or along the school route | 0.0030 | 0.0008 | 0.0015 | -0.0074 | -0.0096 | -0.0047 | 0.0071 | 0.0510 | 0.0477 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.055) | (0.056) | (0.046) | |
  There were temples near my house or along the school route | 0.0035 | -0.0007 | -0.0011 | 0.0033 | 0.0070 | 0.0045 | 0.0982* | 0.0263 | -0.0284 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.055) | (0.056) | (0.046) | |
Panel B: Eq. (2) Adjustments for handwashing experiences at shrines/temple and reciprocity as below in addition to those in Panel A | |||||||||
 Elementary School Education | |||||||||
  Everyone in my class was supervised by teachers to ensure that they washed their hands in turn | 0.0200*** | 0.0138* | 0.0084 | 0.0555*** | 0.0490*** | 0.0123 | 0.2617*** | 0.2435*** | 0.0968** |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.012) | (0.058) | (0.059) | (0.049) | |
  There was a handmade soap making class | 0.0238*** | 0.0166* | 0.0095 | 0.0739*** | 0.0745*** | 0.0261* | 0.1500** | 0.1144 | 0.0294 |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.014) | (0.071) | (0.072) | (0.060) | |
 Childhood Residential Area Near Shrines/Temples | |||||||||
  There were shrines near my house or along the school route | 0.0027 | 0.0014 | 0.0016 | -0.0023 | -0.0040 | -0.0025 | 0.0138 | 0.0639 | 0.0567 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.055) | (0.056) | (0.047) | |
  There were temples near my house or along the school route | 0.0017 | -0.0019 | -0.0021 | 0.0013 | 0.0045 | 0.0033 | 0.0824 | 0.0174 | -0.0281 |
(0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.011) | (0.055) | (0.055) | (0.046) | |
 Childhood Handwashing Experiences at Shrines/Temples | |||||||||
  Never washed hands (Base) | |||||||||
   Washed hands only a few times | 0.0242*** | 0.0080 | 0.0058 | 0.0220 | 0.0032 | -0.0118 | 0.2240*** | 0.0704 | -0.0533 |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.019) | (0.020) | (0.015) | (0.074) | (0.075) | (0.063) | |
   Washed hands most of the time | 0.0447*** | 0.0352*** | 0.0256*** | 0.0996*** | 0.0809*** | 0.0153 | 0.2981*** | 0.2319*** | 0.0664 |
(0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.018) | (0.019) | (0.014) | (0.071) | (0.072) | (0.060) | |
   Always washed hands | 0.0470*** | 0.0415*** | 0.0308*** | 0.1100*** | 0.1201*** | 0.0474*** | 0.4882*** | 0.3642*** | 0.0919 |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.016) | (0.076) | (0.077) | (0.065) | |
 Reciprocity | |||||||||
  Reciprocity | 0.0092** | 0.0138*** | 0.0119*** | 0.0199*** | 0.0210*** | 0.0078 | 0.1710*** | 0.1553*** | 0.0600** |
(0.004) | (0.004) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.006) | (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.025) | |
 Handwashing/Hygiene Practices in April | |||||||||
  Average of four/fifteen items |  |  | 0.0966*** |  |  | 0.6580*** |  |  | 0.5600*** |
 |  | (0.007) |  |  | (0.012) |  |  | (0.013) | |
Observations | 4,501 | 4,501 | 4,501 | 4,501 | 4501 | 4501 | 4501 | 4501 | 4501 |