| Handwashing Practices (Before COVID-19) with Water |  |  |  |  | Handwashing Practices (Before COVID-19) with Soap |  |  |  |  |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Washing hands after coming home | Washing hands before eating | Washing hands after toilet use (urination) | Washing hands after toilet use (defecation) | Average of four items | Washing hands after coming home | Washing hands before eating | Washing hands after toilet use (urination) | Washing hands after toilet use (defecation) | Average of four items | |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | |
Panel A: Eq. (1) Adjustments for childhood education/residence as below, as well as demographic/ behavioral/labor/age and prefecture dummies | ||||||||||
 Elementary School Education | ||||||||||
  Everyone in my class was supervised by teachers to ensure that they washed their hands in turn | 0.0380*** | 0.0380*** | 0.0143* | 0.0160** | 0.0346*** | 0.0502*** | 0.1006*** | 0.0907*** | 0.0897*** | 0.0828*** |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |
  There was a handmade soap making class | 0.0403*** | 0.0403*** | 0.0216** | 0.0113 | 0.0421*** | 0.0847*** | 0.1170*** | 0.1108*** | 0.0696*** | 0.0955*** |
(0.014) | (0.014) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.020) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.021) | (0.017) | |
 Childhood Residential Area Near Shrines/Temples | ||||||||||
  There were shrines near my house or along the school route | 0.0091 | 0.0091 | 0.0156** | 0.0123* | 0.0062 | -0.0096 | -0.0327* | -0.0236 | -0.0013 | -0.0168 |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.016) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |
  There were temples near my house or along the school route | -0.0078 | -0.0078 | -0.0026 | -0.0021 | -0.0028 | 0.0005 | 0.0172 | 0.0089 | 0.0110 | 0.0094 |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.016) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |
Panel B: Eq. (2) Adjustments for handwashing experiences at shrines/temple and reciprocity as below in addition to those in Panel A | ||||||||||
 Elementary School Education | ||||||||||
  Everyone in my class was supervised by teachers to ensure that they washed their hands in turn | 0.0305*** | 0.0305*** | 0.0075 | 0.0087 | 0.0267*** | 0.0418** | 0.0890*** | 0.0776*** | 0.0788*** | 0.0718*** |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.008) | (0.017) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |
  There was a handmade soap making class | 0.0359*** | 0.0359*** | 0.0192** | 0.0087 | 0.0378*** | 0.0783*** | 0.1071*** | 0.1007*** | 0.0635*** | 0.0874*** |
(0.014) | (0.014) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.020) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.021) | (0.017) | |
 Childhood Residential Area Near Shrines/Temples | ||||||||||
  There were shrines near my house or along the school route | 0.0112 | 0.0112 | 0.0115 | 0.0080 | 0.0057 | -0.0029 | -0.0244 | -0.0154 | 0.0056 | -0.0093 |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.016) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |
  There were temples near my house or along the school route | -0.0089 | -0.0089 | -0.0039 | -0.0035 | -0.0044 | 0.0003 | 0.0151 | 0.0074 | 0.0104 | 0.0083 |
(0.011) | (0.011) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.016) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.014) | |
 Childhood Handwashing Experiences at Shrines/Temples | ||||||||||
  Never washed hands (Base) | ||||||||||
   Washed hands only a few times | 0.0290** | 0.0290** | 0.0231** | 0.0227** | 0.0255** | 0.0009 | 0.0170 | 0.0123 | 0.0469** | 0.0193 |
(0.015) | (0.015) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.022) | (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.018) | |
   Washed hands most of the time | 0.0644*** | 0.0644*** | 0.0281*** | 0.0284*** | 0.0490*** | 0.0651*** | 0.0976*** | 0.1016*** | 0.1033*** | 0.0919*** |
(0.014) | (0.014) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.009) | (0.021) | (0.022) | (0.022) | (0.021) | (0.017) | |
   Always washed hands | 0.0778*** | 0.0778*** | 0.0304*** | 0.0312*** | 0.0672*** | 0.0986*** | 0.1617*** | 0.1607*** | 0.1228*** | 0.1360*** |
(0.015) | (0.015) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.022) | (0.024) | (0.024) | (0.023) | (0.019) | |
 Reciprocity | ||||||||||
  Reciprocity | 0.0082 | 0.0082 | 0.0292*** | 0.0299*** | 0.0140*** | 0.0090 | -0.0174** | 0.0016 | 0.0218*** | 0.0038 |
(0.005) | (0.005) | (0.003) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.008) | (0.007) | |
Observations | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 | 6,050 |