Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Outcome Variables

Handwashing Practices with Water (0/1)

 I wash my hands after coming home from outside

0.953

0.213

0.957

0.203

 I wash my hands before each meal

0.854

0.353

0.873

0.333

 I wash my hands at the workplace or in other public spaces after toilet use (urination)

0.957

0.202

0.955

0.207

 I wash my hands at the workplace or in other public spaces after toilet use (defecation)

0.958

0.200

0.951

0.216

 Average of the aforementioned four practices

0.931

0.191

0.934

0.177

Handwashing Practices with Soap (0/1)

 I wash my hands after coming home from outside

0.833

0.373

0.810

0.393

 I wash my hands before each meal

0.585

0.493

0.566

0.496

 I wash my hands at the workplace or in other public spaces after toilet use (urination)

0.633

0.482

0.597

0.491

 I wash my hands at the workplace or in other public spaces after toilet use (defecation)

0.706

0.456

0.687

0.464

 Average of the aforementioned four practices

0.689

0.373

0.665

0.378

Hygiene Practices (0–7)

 Wearing a mask

  When coughing or sneezing, I place a mask or handkerchief over my mouth ("cough etiquette")

5.249

2.460

5.380

2.378

  I always wear a mask when talking to someone

5.061

2.322

5.443

2.052

  I always wear a mask when going out

5.798

2.092

6.032

1.827

 Preventing the spread of infection through hand contact

  I practice gargling and frequently wash my hands, and disinfect my hands and fingers with alcohol

5.968

1.783

5.978

1.700

  I try to avoid shaking hands

5.530

2.406

5.732

2.181

  I use cashless payment methods (credit cards, electronic fund transfers, etc.) instead of cash

4.500

2.559

4.654

2.419

 Preventing occurrence of "clusters"

  I talk with others via phone or video call whenever possible

4.121

2.773

3.960

2.730

  I designate one person to do the shopping or go out in a small group during times when stores are not crowded

5.046

2.207

4.954

2.163

  I use takeout or home delivery services instead of going to restaurants

3.865

2.937

3.559

2.760

  I use delivery or mail-order services for larger purchases

3.721

2.848

3.682

2.749

 Self-care during COVID-19 pandemic

  I avoid going out when I feel unwell

4.986

2.656

5.146

2.524

  I try to stay home as much as possible even if I am not ill

5.702

1.989

5.189

2.197

  I try to avoid touching my face

4.088

2.394

4.289

2.331

  I try to get plenty of rest and sleep

5.526

1.901

5.304

1.922

  I try to eat nutritious foods

4.755

2.052

4.673

2.058

  Average of the aforementioned fifteen practices

4.928

1.511

4.932

1.467