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Table 3 Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analyses of oral health indices (OHIs) for obesity in men

From: Associations with oral health indices for obesity risk among Japanese men and women: results from the baseline data of a cohort study

OHIs and their composed questions

ORsa

95% CIs

Model 1b

Model 2c

β

SE

Ptrend

β

SE

Ptrend

Oral self-care habits

Low

1.00

(Reference)

      

Moderate

1.22

(1.00–1.48)

0.10

0.03

< 0.01

0.05

0.02

< 0.01

High

1.37

(1.11–1.67)

      

 Tooth brushing frequency

≥3 times/day

1.00

(Reference)

      

Twice/day

1.33

(1.07–1.65)

< 0.01

   

≤once/day

1.78

(1.42–2.24)

      

 Use of inter-dental care device

Yes

1.00

(Reference)

      

No

1.09

(0.91–1.29)

   

Oral hygiene

Low

1.00

(Reference)

      

Moderate

1.03

(0.83–1.28)

0.01

0.03

0.83

0.003

0.02

0.83

High

1.03

(0.84–1.25)

      

 Worried about dry mouth.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Yes

1.15

(0.93–1.43)

   

 Sometimes food may be left in your mouth.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

0.76

(0.57–1.00)

0.06

   

Yes

0.80

(0.49–1.29)

      

 A white moss-like substance is coating on your tongue.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

0.92

(0.73–1.17)

0.57

   

Yes

0.95

(0.66–1.37)

      

 Worried about your own bad breath.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

1.10

(0.91–1.33)

0.81

   

Yes

0.93

(0.74–1.19)

      

Oral function

Low

1.00

(Reference)

      

Moderate

0.85

(0.69–1.04)

0.01

0.03

0.75

0.01

0.02

0.75

High

1.00

(0.83–1.21)

      

 It is getting harder to rinse out your mouth.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

1.53

(1.09–2.15)

< 0.05

   

Yes

1.52

(0.81–2.85)

      

 Your voice has become hoarse.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

0.92

(0.73–1.17)

0.67

   

Yes

1.00

(0.67–1.47)

      

 You can talk well.

Yes

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

0.89

(0.75–1.06)

0.55

   

No

1.00

(0.77–1.31)

      

 Sometimes choking on tea or soup.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Yes

1.28

(1.00–1.62)

   

 You may choke during meals.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

1.16

(0.94–1.44)

0.35

   

Yes

1.03

(0.73–1.47)

      

 You may find it difficult to swallow food.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

0.89

(0.68–1.18)

0.17

   

Yes

0.74

(0.45–1.22)

      

Mastication ability

Low

1.00

(Reference)

      

Moderate

1.05

(0.87–1.27)

0.06

0.05

0.30

0.03

0.03

0.30

High

1.12

(0.91–1.37)

      

 Compared to six months ago, it is difficult for you to eat tough food.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Yes

1.07

(0.83–1.37)

   

 Mealtimes are now longer than before.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

1.01

(0.85–1.20)

0.95

   

Yes

1.00

(0.77–1.30)

      

 Sometimes you cannot taste it.

No

1.00

(Reference)

      

Sometimes

1.03

(0.76–1.41)

0.87

   

Yes

0.89

(0.50–1.58)

      

Comprehensive OHI

Low

1.00

(Reference)

      

Moderate

1.07

(0.87–1.33)

0.02

0.02

0.26

0.01

0.01

0.26

High

1.12

(0.92–1.36)

      
  1. aAdjusted for age, physical activity, total energy intake, and tooth number as continuous variables, and current smoker, current habitual drinker, snacking, education level, medications [diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, angina myocardial infarction, and cerebral stroke], and tooth/gum conditions [tooth pain, gum bleeding, gum swelling] as categorical variables
  2. bThe scores on each OHI in Table 1 were divided into the lowest, moderate, and highest tertiles
  3. cThe scores on each OHI were re-calculated by assigning 1, 3, and 5 points for three levels of variables, and 1 and 5 points for two levels. The values were then divided into the lowest, moderate, and highest tertiles