Table 1 Characteristics of male study participants (n = 3494)
Variablesa | Obese group | Non-obese group | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
(n = 850, 24.3%) | (n = 2644, 75.7%) | ||
Age (years) | 56.2 ± 10.6 | 58.9 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
Body mass index, BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 2.3 | 21.9 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
Lifestyle information | |||
Physical activity (METs‧h/day) | 21.6 ± 15.4 | 24.0 ± 15.3 | < 0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 25.4 | 24.4 | 0.58 |
Current habitual drinker (%) | 73.1 | 76.7 | < 0.05 |
Snacking, None / Sometimes / Everyday (%) | 35.5 / 48.5 / 16.0 | 40.5 /45.4 / 14.1 | < 0.05 |
Dietary information | |||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1964 ± 377 | 1996 ± 402 | < 0.05 |
Education level, > 12 / 12 / < 12 years (%) | 48.2/ 43.9 / 7.9 | 43.9 / 45.3 / 10.7 | < 0.05 |
Receiving medications (%) | |||
Diabetes | 15.2 | 8.9 | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 24.8 | 14.6 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 38.4 | 26.0 | < 0.001 |
Angina myocardial infarction | 5.4 | 3.6 | < 0.05 |
Cerebral stroke | 3.3 | 1.9 | < 0.05 |
Information on tooth and gum | |||
Tooth number (n) | 24.6 ± 6.0 | 24.3 ± 6.3 | 0.34 |
Tooth/gum condition, No / Sometimes / Yes (%) | |||
Tooth pain | 58.9 / 21.3 / 19.8 | 60.2 / 21.6 / 18.2 | 0.59 |
Gum bleeding | 63.9 / 23.1 / 13.1 | 65.6 / 23.6 / 10.8 | 0.20 |
Gum swelling | 68.6 / 21.2 / 10.2 | 72.2 / 19.0 / 8.8 | 0.12 |
Oral health indices (OHIs) and their composed questionsc | |||
Oral self-care habits (score range: 2 to 6 points) | 4.54 ± 1.26 | 4.34 ± 1.31 | < 0.001 |
Tooth brushing frequency, ≥3 times/day / Twice/day / ≤once/day (%) | 18.6 / 42.9 / 38.5 | 24.9 / 44.1 / 31.1 | < 0.001 |
Use of inter-dental care device | 32.7 / 67.3 | 35.9 / 64.1 | 0.10 |
Oral hygiene (score range: 4 to 12 points) | 5.51 ± 1.56 | 5.42 ± 1.55 | 0.14 |
Worried about dry mouth. | 82.0 / 18.0 | 84.9 / 15.1 | 0.05 |
Sometimes food may be left in your mouth. | 88.2 / 8.9 / 2.8 | 86.0 / 10.7 / 3.2 | 0.26 |
A white moss-like substance is coating on your tongue. | 80.6 / 14.0 / 5.4 | 81.0 / 14.1 / 4.9 | 0.85 |
Worried about your own bad breath. | 42.7 / 39.1 / 18.2 | 47.0 / 35.5 / 17.5 | 0.08 |
Oral function (score range: 6 to 18 points) | 7.62 ± 1.95 | 7.57 ± 1.91 | 0.47 |
It is getting harder to rinse out your mouth. | 91.3 / 6.8 / 1.9 | 93.9 / 4.8 / 1.3 | < 0.05 |
Your voice has become hoarse. | 82.0 / 13.4 / 4.6 | 81.0 / 14.5 / 4.5 | 0.74 |
You can talk well. | 54.4 / 34.6 / 11.1 | 52.6/36.3/11.0 | 0.63 |
Sometimes choking on tea or soup. | 86.1 / 13.9 | 88.6 / 11.4 | 0.06 |
You may choke during meals. | 75.6 / 18.7 / 5.6 | 77.4 / 16.8 / 5.8 | 0.45 |
You may find it difficult to swallow food. | 88.0 / 9.4 / 2.6 | 86.9 / 10.0 / 3.1 | 0.66 |
Mastication ability (score range: 3 to 9 points) | 4.02 ± 1.07 | 4.05 ± 1.13 | 0.53 |
Compared to six months ago, it is difficult for you to eat tough food. | 85.8 / 14.2 | 85.7 / 14.3 | 1.00 |
Mealtimes are now longer than before. | 48.9 / 39.5 / 11.5 | 47.0 / 40.9 / 12.1 | 0.60 |
Sometimes you cannot taste it. | 90.8 / 7.3 / 1.9 | 91.0 / 6.9 / 2.1 | 0.85 |
Comprehensive OHI (score range: 15 to 45 points) | 21.70 ± 3.64 | 21.38 ± 3.68 | < 0.05 |