Table 2 Immigration enforcement encounters, N = 326

Immigration enforcement encounters count (0–9) (M (SD))

2.73 (2.12)

3.66 (2.02)

3.52 (2.10)

0.004

Immigration enforcement encounters

0.007

 None

9 (19)

19 (7)

28 (9)

 More than 1 (1 +)

39 (81)

259 (93)

298 (91)

Did not apply for non-cash benefits

0.470

 No

25 (52)

129 (46)

154 (47)

 Yes

23 (48)

149 (54)

172 (53)

Experienced an immigration raid

0.830

 No

40 (83)

235 (85)

275 (84)

 Yes

8 (17)

43 (16)

51 (16)

Someone you know ever been detained or deported

0.003

 No

35 (73)

139 (50)

174 (53)

 Yes

13 (27)

139 (50)

152 (47)

Faced deportation proceedings

0.360

 No

47 (98)

276 (99)

323 (99)

 Yes

1 (2)

2 (1)

3 (1)

Fears getting deported

0.060

 No

36 (75)

169 (61)

205 (63)

 Yes

12 (25)

109 (39)

121 (37)

Did not leave home

0.240

 No

15 (31)

65 (23)

80 (25)

 Yes

33 (69)

213 (77)

246 (76)

Avoided travelling by car, bus, train

0.038

 No

21 (44)

80 (29)

101 (31)

 Yes

27 (56)

198 (71)

225 (69)

Been watched by law enforcement on the street

0.015

 No

44 (92)

211 (76)

255 (78)

 Yes

4 (8)

67 (24)

71 (22)

Been stopped for no good reason by law enforcement

0.950

 No

44 (92)

254 (91)

298 (91)

 Yes

4 (8)

24 (9)

28 (9)

Been asked to show proof of citizenship or legal status

0.850

 No

46 (96)

268 (96)

314 (96)

 Yes

2 (4)

10 (4)

12 (4)

Has seen immigration authorities in neighborhood

0.021

 No

44 (92)

214 (77)

258 (79)

 Yes

4 (8)

64 (23)

68 (21)