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Table 1 Generalized linear model (negative binomial regression) summary for each species. Drags were performed within open spaces or at the edge of open spaces (“Edge”). Relative abundance (RA) is the expected log count of nymphs for each unit of increase of the categorical variable compared to the reference variable, or incidence rate ratio (IRR). The mean density of nymphs (DON) refers to the model predicted number of nymphs per 100 m2. For A. americanum the best model with the lowest AIC is presented, and no competing models were within 2 AIC. Model averaging was conducted for H. longicornis and I. scapularis. H. longicornis was only found in one park (Conference House), and no leaf litter habitat was present in this park among the areas frequently visited

From: Integrating tick density and park visitor behaviors to assess the risk of tick exposure in urban parks on Staten Island, New York

Variable

Category

RA;

p-value

Mean DON;

95% CI

95% CI

I. scapularis

Intercept

 

0.002 (0, 0.014)

< 0.001

 

Park

Clove Lakes

1

 

7.96 (0.98, 64.7)

Conference House

4.43 (1.72, 10.83)

0.006

33.09 (4.04, 270.9)

Willowbrook

0.89 (0.34, 2.32)

0.806

7.06 (0.87, 57.4)

Site type

Trails

1

 

12.5 (1.67, 9.41)

Open space

1.15 (0.35, 3.84)

0.927

12.8 (1.69, 97.3)

Edge

0.62 (0.20, 1.88)

0.790

11.6 (1.45, 92.6)

Habitat

Unmaintained herbaceous

1

 

31.71 (4.58, 219.7)

Maintained grass

0.04 (0.01, 0.34)

0.003

1.39 (0.09, 22.2)

Leaf litter

1.33 (0.48, 3.71)

0.583

42.25 (5.46, 326.9)

A. americanum

Intercept

 

0.0004 (0, 0.001)

< 0.001

 

Park

Clove Lakes

1

 

1.13 (0.33, 3.83)

Conference House

33.09 (8.12, 134.95)

< 0.001

37.44 (17.93, 78.21)

Willowbrook

1.69 (0.36, 7.83)

0.502

1.91 (0.66, 5.52)

Site type

Trail

1

 

7.51 (3.38, 16.68)

Open space

0.87 (0.23, 3.36)

0.840

6.54 (2.49, 17.18)

Edge

0.22 (0.07, 0.72)

0.012

1.65 (0.44, 6.22)

Habitat

Unmaintained herbaceous

1

 

8.97 (3.94, 20.42)

 

Maintained grass

0.17 (0.04, 0.78)

0.023

1.50 (0.38, 5.96)

Leaf litter

0.67 (0.14, 3.13)

0.611

6.01 (1.67, 21.68)

H. longicornis

Intercept

 

0.24 (0.17, 0.32)

< 0.001

 

Site type

Trails

1

 

762 (327.1, 1777)

Open space

0.43 (0.09, 1.84)

0.258

380 (174.2, 827)

Edge

0.26 (0.11, 0.63)

0.003

254 (72.8, 885)

Habitat

Unmaintained herbaceous

1

 

1435 (689.1, 2990)

Maintained grass

0.09 (0.02, 0.38)

0.001

122 (41.7, 358)