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Table 5 Adjusted multivariable logistic regression with GEE approach coefficients for participants' characteristics and low BMD risk factors among adults aged ≥ 20 years stratified by the menopausal status in Taiwan (continue)

From: Environmental and personal factors for osteoporosis or osteopenia from a large health check-up database: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan

 

Menopausal

women

 

Non-menopausal

women

 

Characteristics

OR

95%CI

P-value

OR

95%CI

P-value

Age (years)

1.10

(1.09, 1.10)

***

1.05

(1.04, 1.06)

***

Education

  < 9 yr

ref

  

ref

  

 9 ~ 14 yr

0.73

(0.69, 0.78)

***

0.23

(0.19, 0.27)

***

 14 ~ 16 yr

0.63

(0.58, 0.69)

***

0.19

(0.16, 0.22)

***

 16 ~ 18 yr

0.62

(0.57, 0.67)

***

0.22

(0.19, 0.27)

***

  >  = 18 yr

0.56

(0.48, 0.66)

***

0.19

(0.16, 0.24)

***

Smoking status

 no, secondhand smoker

NA

  

NA

  

 ever smoker and current smoker

NA

  

NA

  

Physical activity (intensity)

 light exercise

ref

  

NA

  

 mean exercise

0.93

(0.88, 0.99)

*

NA

  

 heavy or violent exercise

0.94

(0.83, 1.06)

 

NA

  

Sleep score

1.01

(1.00, 1.03)

*

0.98

(0.96, 1.00)

 

Milk

 no; < 1 cup/wk

NA

  

NA

  

  >  = 1 cup/wk

NA

  

NA

  

Dairy

 no; < 1 slice of yogurt or cheese/wk

ref

  

NA

  

  >  = 1 slice of yogurt or cheese/wk

0.97

(0.93, 1.00)

 

NA

  

Vegetarian

 No

ref

  

ref

  

 Yes

1.25

(1.14, 1.38)

***

1.26

(1.06, 1.51)

**

BMI

 normal

ref

  

ref

  

 underweight

1.64

(1.48, 1.82)

***

2.22

(2.03, 2.43)

***

 overweight

0.67

(0.64, 0.70)

***

0.56

(0.51, 0.63)

***

 obesity

0.48

(0.44, 0.52)

***

0.33

(0.27, 0.41)

***

Waistline

 normal

ref

  

ref

  

 central obesity

0.90

(0.85, 0.95)

***

1.10

(0.95, 1.29)

 

Triglyceride

      

 normal

ref

  

ref

  

  >  = 150 mg/dl

0.97

(0.93, 1.01)

 

1.09

(0.98, 1.20)

 

Uric acid

 normal

ref

  

ref

  

 hyperuricemia

0.87

(0.83, 0.90)

***

0.99

(0.89, 1.09)

 

Walkability (park and elementary school; 1 km buffer)

0.997

(0.994, 1.001)

 

NA

  

Solar radiation

0.97

(0.96, 0.99)

***

0.98

(0.96, 1.00)

 

Menopause

 No

NA

  

NA

  

 Yes

NA

  

NA

  
  1. NA: The variable was not selected in the baseline by the stepwise logistic regression
  2. abbreviation: OR Odds ratio
  3. *: P value < 0.05, **: P value < 0.01; ***: P value < 0.001