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Table 4 Adjusted multivariable logistic regression with GEE approach coefficients for participants' characteristics and low BMD risk factors among adults aged ≥ 20 years stratified by sex in Taiwan

From: Environmental and personal factors for osteoporosis or osteopenia from a large health check-up database: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan

  

Total

 

Sex

Male

Female

Characteristics

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

OR

95% CI

P-value

Age (years)

1.07

(1.07, 1.07)

***

1.04

(1.04, 1.04)

***

1.08

(1.08, 1.08)

***

Education

  < 9 yr

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 9 ~ 14 yr

0.56

(0.54, 0.58)

***

0.83

(0.76, 0.90)

***

0.62

(0.59, 0.66)

***

 14 ~ 16 yr

0.45

(0.42, 0.47)

***

0.76

(0.69, 0.82)

***

0.51

(0.48, 0.55)

***

 16 ~ 18 yr

0.44

(0.42, 0.46)

***

0.69

(0.63, 0.75)

***

0.58

(0.54, 0.62)

***

  >  = 18 yr

0.43

(0.41, 0.46)

***

0.66

(0.6, 0.72)

***

0.51

(0.46, 0.57)

***

Smoking status

 no, secondhand smoke

ref

 

ref

 

NA

 

 ever smoker and current smoker

1.04

(1.01, 1.08)

*

1.05

(1.01, 1.09)

*

NA

 

Physical activity (intensity)

 light exercise

ref

 

ref

  

ref

 

 mean exercise

0.91

(0.89, 0.94)

***

0.87

(0.84, 0.90)

***

0.93

(0.88, 0.97)

**

 heavy or violent exercise

0.93

(0.89, 0.97)

**

0.85

(0.81, 0.90)

***

0.91

(0.83, 1.00)

 

Sleep score

0.98

(0.97, 0.99)

***

0.98

(0.97, 0.99)

***

NA

 

Milk

 no; < 1 cup/wk

NA

 

ref

  

NA

 

  >  = 1 cup/wk

NA

 

0.96

(0.93, 0.99)

**

NA

 

Dairy

 no; < 1 slice of yogurt or cheese/wk

ref

 

NA

 

ref

 

  >  = 1 slice of yogurt or cheese/wk

0.97

(0.95, 0.99)

***

NA

 

0.97

(0.94, 1)

 

Vegetarian

 No

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

1.32

(1.25, 1.39)

***

1.26

(1.15, 1.39)

***

1.29

(1.2, 1.4)

***

BMI

 normal

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 underweight

1.72

(1.64, 1.81)

***

2.21

(2, 2.45)

***

2.19

(2.04, 2.34)

***

 overweight

0.65

(0.63, 0.67)

***

0.63

(0.6, 0.65)

***

0.61

(0.58, 0.64)

***

 obesity

0.48

(0.46, 0.5)

***

0.45

(0.43, 0.48)

***

0.41

(0.39, 0.44)

***

Waistline

 normal

ref

 

NA

 

NA

 

 central obesity

0.99

(0.96, 1.03)

 

NA

 

NA

 

Triglyceride

 normal

ref

 

NA

 

NA

 

  >  = 150 mg/dl

1.04

(1.01, 1.06)

**

NA

 

NA

 

Uric acid

 normal

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 hyperuricemia

0.93

(0.91, 0.95)

***

0.89

(0.87, 0.92)

***

0.86

(0.82, 0.89)

***

Walkability (park and elementary school; 1 km buffer)

1.00

(0.995, 0.999)

***

0.99

(0.99, 0.996)

***

1.00

(0.996, 1.002)

 

Solar radiation

0.98

(0.97, 0.99)

***

0.98

(0.97, 0.99)

**

0.97

(0.96, 0.99)

***

Menopause

 No

NA

 

NA

 

ref

 

 Yes

NA

 

NA

 

3.81

(3.56, 4.07)

***