Characteristics | Total (n = 1458) | Non-frail (n = 1163) | Frail (n = 295) | t/x2 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year, mean ± SD) | 72.38 ± 7.28 | 71.37 ± 6.68 | 76.37 ± 8.16 | −9.040 | < 0.0001 |
Gender (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 1.734 | 0.188 |
 Male | 585 (40.12) | 477 (41.00) | 108 (36.47) |  |  |
 Female | 873 (59.88) | 686 (59.00) | 187 (63.53) |  |  |
Education level (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 17.215 | 0.002 |
 Primary school and below | 270 (18.49) | 192 (16.52) | 78 (26.27) |  |  |
 Middle school | 383 (26.27) | 300 (25.77) | 83 (28.24) |  |  |
 High school | 474 (32.54) | 398 (34.23) | 76 (25.88) |  |  |
 College | 328 (22.46) | 270 (23.18) | 58 (19.61) |  |  |
 Master’s degree and above | 3 (0.24) | 3 (0.30) | 0 (0.00) |  |  |
Living status (n, %) |  |  |  | 75.185 | < 0.0001 |
 Living with family | 1225 (84.05) | 1024 (88.05) | 201 (68.14) |  |  |
 Living with others | 138 (9.44) | 69 (5.97) | 69 (23.39) |  |  |
 Living alone | 95 (6.51) | 70 (5.98) | 25 (8.47) |  |  |
Marital status (n, %) |  |  |  | 34.620 | < 0.0001 |
 Married | 1132 (77.62) | 943 (81.08) | 189 (64.07) |  |  |
 Widowed | 303 (20.79) | 204 (17.54) | 99 (33.56) |  |  |
 Divorced or other | 23 (1.59) | 16 (1.38) | 7 (2.37) |  |  |
Occupations (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.668 | 0.716 |
 Civil servants or professional technicians in state units | 776 (53.25) | 626 (53.83) | 150 (50.98) |  |  |
 Workers, commercial, service or freelance workers | 552 (37.86) | 435 (37.41) | 117 (39.61) |  |  |
 Manual or unemployed | 130 (8.89) | 102 (8.76) | 28 (9.41) |  |  |
Average monthly income (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 11.906 | 0.008 |
 <3000 RMB | 485 (33.25) | 394 (33.88) | 91 (30.85) |  |  |
 3000 ~ 6000 RMB | 826 (56.67) | 657 (56.49) | 169 (57.29) |  |  |
 6000 ~ 10,000 RMB | 139 (9.52) | 110 (9.46) | 29 (9.83) |  |  |
 >10,000 RMB | 8 (0.56) | 2 (0.17) | 6 (2.03) |  |  |
Main medical payment methods (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.263 | 0.608 |
 All at one’s own expense | 47 (3.25) | 39 (3.38) | 8 (2.75) |  |  |
 Partial or full payment of medical insurance | 1411 (96.75) | 1124 (96.62) | 287 (97.25) |  |  |
Smoking status (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 0.166 | 0.920 |
 Never | 1238 (84.92) | 988 (84.98) | 250 (84.71) |  |  |
 Current | 112 (7.70) | 88 (7.56) | 24 (8.24) |  |  |
 Former | 108 (7.38) | 87 (7.46) | 21 (7.06) |  |  |
Drinking status (n, %) | Â | Â | Â | 6.715 | 0.035 |
 Never | 1259 (86.35) | 993 (85.38) | 266 (90.17) |  |  |
 Current | 149 (10.24) | 132 (11.35) | 17 (5.76) |  |  |
 Former | 50 (3.41) | 38 (3.27) | 12 (4.07) |  |  |
Comorbidity (n, mean ± SD) | 2.23 ± 1.79 | 1.99 ± 1.63 | 3.18 ± 2.05 | −8.590 | < 0.0001 |
Polypharmacy (n, mean ± SD) | 3.27 ± 2.88 | 2.80 ± 2.62 | 5.11 ± 3.11 | −10.910 | < 0.0001 |
Physical activity (n, %) |  |  |  | 38.016 | < 0.0001 |
 Light | 235 (16.11) | 154 (13.23) | 81 (27.45) |  |  |
 Moderate | 922 (63.25) | 743 (63.88) | 179 (60.78) |  |  |
 Vigorous | 301 (20.63) | 266 (22.89) | 35 (11.76) |  |  |
MET-h/day (mean ± SD) | 4.91 ± 4.24 | 5.24 ± 4.35 | 3.59 ± 3.45 | 6.480 | < 0.0001 |
Sitting time (n, %) |  |  |  | 31.719 | < 0.0001 |
  <  4 h/day | 583 (40.00) | 499 (42.89) | 84 (28.63) |  |  |
 4–6 h/day | 467 (32.06) | 361 (31.04) | 106 (36.08) |  |  |
 6–8 h/day | 272 (18.65) | 218 (18.71) | 54 (18.43) |  |  |
  ≥ 8 h/day | 136 (9.29) | 86 (7.36) | 50 (16.86) |  |  |
Sitting time (h/day, mean ± SD) | 4.64 ± 2.30 | 4.51 ± 2.22 | 5.16 ± 2.52 | −3.780 | < 0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 24.60 ± 3.16 | 24.62 ± 3.07 | 24.51 ± 3.49 | 0.490 | 0.626 |
Frailty index (mean ± SD) | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | −37.310 | < 0.0001 |