Table 2 Characteristics according to quartile of maternal miso intake during pregnancy (n = 64,200)

1,620

1,697

1,752

1,868

1,736

31.4

31.4

31.9

31.7

31.6

Previous childbirth

Nulliparous

7,798

(47.6)

5,902

(43.0)

7,250

(40.3)

6,068

(37.7)

27,018

(42.1)

Multiparous

8,603

(52.5)

7,818

(57.0)

10,738

(59.7)

10,023

(62.3)

37182

(57.9)

BMI (kg/m²)

<18.5

829

(5.1)

684

(5.0)

952

(5.3)

753

(4.7)

3,218

(5.0)

18.5–<25

12,940

(78.9)

10,989

(80.1)

14,653

(81.5)

12,852

(79.9)

51,434

(80.1)

≥25

2,632

(16.1)

2,047

(14.9)

2,383

(13.3)

2,486

(15.5)

9,548

(14.9)

Education level

Junior high school or high school

5,491

(33.5)

4,310

(31.4)

5,412

(30.1)

5,377

(33.4)

20,590

(32.1)

Technical junior college, technical/vocational college or associate degree

7,062

(43.1)

6,041

(44.0)

7,921

(44.0)

6,994

(43.5)

28,018

(43.6)

Bachelor’s degree, postgraduate degree

3,848

(23.5)

3,369

(24.6)

4,655

(25.9)

3,720

(23.1)

15,592

(24.3)

Annual household income, JPY

<4 million

6,579

(40.1)

5,360

(39.1)

6,511

(36.2)

6,047

(37.6)

24,497

(38.2)

4–<6 million

5,374

(32.8)

4,624

(33.7)

6,233

(34.7)

5,555

(34.5)

21,786

(33.9)

≥6 million

4,448

(27.1)

3,736

(27.2)

5,244

(29.2)

4,489

(27.9)

17,917

(27.9)

Marital status

Married (including common law marriage)

16,092

(98.1)

13,536

(98.7)

17,808

(99.0)

15,916

(98.9)

63,352

(98.7)

Divorced or widowed

136

(0.8)

89

(0.7)

93

(0.5)

87

(0.5)

405

(0.6)

Others

173

(1.1)

95

(0.7)

87

(0.5)

88

(0.6)

443

(0.7)

Alcohol intake

Never

14,963

(91.2)

12,574

(91.7)

16,586

(92.2)

14,831

(92.2)

58,954

(91.8)

Ex-drinker

731

(4.5)

608

(4.4)

770

(4.3)

692

(4.3)

2,801

(4.4)

One to three times/month

476

(2.9)

380

(2.8)

449

(2.5)

383

(2.4)

1,688

(2.6)

Once a week or more

231

(1.4)

158

(1.2)

183

(1.0)

185

(1.2)

757

(1.2)

Smoking status

Never

9,851

(60.1)

8,525

(62.1)

11,221

(62.4)

9,910

(61.6)

39,507

(61.5)

Ex-drinker

3,755

(22.9)

3,150

(23.0)

4,195

(23.3)

3,757

(23.4)

14,857

(23.1)

One to three times/month

2,157

(13.2)

1,611

(11.7)

2,096

(11.7)

1,970

(12.2)

7,834

(12.2)

Once a week or more

638

(3.9)

434

(3.2)

476

(2.7)

454

(2.8)

2,002

(3.1)

Employed

No

8,507

(51.9)

7,361

(53.7)

9,562

(53.2)

8,141

(50.6)

33,571

(52.3)

Yes

7,894

(48.1)

6,359

(46.4)

8,426

(46.8)

7,950

(49.4)

30,629

(47.7)

Sex of the child

Boy

8,059

(49.1)

6,668

(48.6)

8,778

(48.8)

7,961

(49.5)

31,466

(49.0)

Girl

8,342

(50.9)

7,052

(51.4)

9,210

(51.2)

8,130

(50.5)

32,734

(51.0)

Nursery

No

5,810

(35.4)

4,961

(36.2)

6,624

(36.8)

6,021

(37.4)

23,416

(36.5)

Yes

10,591

(64.6)

8,759

(63.8)

11,364

(63.2)

10,070

(62.6)

40,784

(63.5)

Location where the baby sleeps at night

In the parent's bed

13,666

(83.3)

11,581

(84.4)

15,103

(84.0)

13,615

(84.6)

53,965

(84.1)

In a baby bed located in the parent's room

2,489

(15.2)

1,960

(14.3)

2,662

(14.8)

2,261

(14.1)

9,372

(14.6)

In a baby bed located in a room other than the bedroom of his/her parents

188

(1.2)

132

(1.0)

167

(0.9)

144

(0.9)

631

(1.0)

Other

58

(0.4)

47

(0.3)

56

(0.3)

71

(0.4)

232

(0.4)

3,027

3,025

3,027

3,036

3,029

39.3

39.3

39.3

39.2

39.3

Eating dairy products

Yes

15,979

(97.4)

13,366

(97.4)

17,546

(97.5)

15,699

(97.6)

62,590

(97.5)

No

422

(2.6)

354

(2.6)

442

(2.5)

392

(2.4)

1,610

(2.5)

Disease

No

9,676

(59.0)

8,074

(58.9)

10,740

(59.7)

9,566

(59.5)

38,056

(59.3)

Yes

6,725

(41.0)

5,646

(41.2)

7,248

(40.3)

6,525

(40.6)

26,144

(40.7)

Birth month

1

1,140

(7.0)

1,030

(7.5)

1,418

(7.9)

1,339

(8.3)

4,927

(7.7)

2

970

(5.9)

974

(7.1)

1,329

(7.4)

1,159

(7.2)

4,432

(6.9)

3

1,059

(6.5)

993

(7.2)

1,491

(8.3)

1,367

(8.5)

4,910

(7.7)

4

1,047

(6.4)

1,045

(7.6)

1,504

(8.4)

1,357

(8.4)

4,953

(7.7)

5

1,138

(6.9)

1,094

(8.0)

1,551

(8.6)

1,397

(8.7)

5,180

(8.1)

6

1,168

(7.1)

1,058

(7.7)

1,473

(8.2)

1,372

(8.5)

5,071

(7.9)

7

1,450

(8.8)

1,207

(8.8)

1,595

(8.9)

1,505

(9.4)

5,757

(9.0)

8

1,697

(10.4)

1,380

(10.1)

1,811

(10.1)

1,614

(10.0)

6,502

(10.1)

9

1,877

(11.4)

1,433

(10.4)

1,694

(9.4)

1,563

(9.7)

6,567

(10.2)

10

1,915

(11.7)

1,307

(9.5)

1,538

(8.6)

1,287

(8.0)

6,047

(9.4)

11

1,510

(9.2)

1,142

(8.3)

1,264

(7.0)

1,040

(6.5)

4,956

(7.7)

12

1,430

(8.7)

1,057

(7.7)

1,320

(7.3)

1,091

(6.8)

4,898

(7.6)