Table 1 Characteristics of 24 targeted testing and linkage to care studies of viral blood-borne infections among persons who experience homelessness in the US
Study | Setting | Study design | Recruitment method | Target population | Data collection | Test (specimen) by disease | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBV | HCV | HIV | ||||||
Anaya 2010 [22] | Los Angeles, CA | Double-Arm cohort | Shelter-based | VA-eligible persons who experience homelessness | 2006–2007 | – | – | Rapid-Ab or Ab (mixed) |
Anaya 2015 [23] | Los Angeles, CA | Single-Arm cohort | Shelter-based | Adults who experience homelessness | 2009–2011 | – | – | Rapid-Ab + conf (oral fluid) |
Bell 2003 [24] | New York, City, NY | Single-Arm cohort | Outreach | Youth who experience homelessness | 1998–2000 | – | – | Ab (blood) |
Benitez 2020 [25] | Los Angeles, CA | Retrospective study | Healthcare facility-based (Los Angeles Christian Health Centers) | Predominantly persons who experience homelessness including both unsheltered persons and those who reside in supervised shelters or transitional housing at night who are at risk for HIV, drug use | 2016–2019 | – | Non-rapid Ab (blood) | – |
Bowles 2008 [26] | Boston, MA; Chicago, IL; Washington, DC; Kansas City, MO; Detroit, MI | Single-Arm cohort | Shelter-based | HIV-unaware adults who experience homelessness | 2004–2006 | – | – | Rapid-Ab (mixed) |
Boyce 2009 [27] | Honolulu County, HI | Cross-sectional | Shelter-based | Adults who experience homelessness | 2006–2006 | HBsAg (blood) | Ab (blood) | – |
Bucher 2007 [28] | San Francisco, CA | Single-Arm cohort | SROs, shelters, and free meal programs | Persons who experience homelessness & unstably housed adults | 2003–2004 | – | – | Rapid-Ab + conf (oral fluid) |
Caton 2013 [29] | New York City, NY | Cross-sectional | Shelter-based | Women who experience homelessness | 2007–2008 | – | – | Ab (oral fluid) |
Gelberg 2012 [30] | Los Angeles, CA | Single-Arm cohort | Shelters and meal programs | Adults who experience homelessness | 2003–2004 | – | Ab (blood) | Ab (blood) |
Fuster & Gelberg 2019 [14] | Los Angeles, CA | Single-Arm cohort | Other venue based (service programs, shelter programs, & meal programs) | Participants who tested seropositive for HIV/HCV/HBV from the baseline sample | 2003–2004 (9 months) | Rapid Ab (blood) | Rapid Ab (blood) | Ag detection (blood) |
Grimley 2006 [21] | Alabama | Cross-sectional | Shelter-based | Adults who experience homelessness | – | – | – | Ab (oral fluid) |
Hall 2004 [31] | San Francisco, CA | Single-Arm cohort | SROs, facilities maintaining 73% of shelter beds and venues providing 88% of free lunches in the city | Unstably housed adults with HIV | 1996–2000 | – | Ab (blood) | – |
Hooshyar 2014 [32] | Dallas, Texoma, and Fort Worth, TX | Cross-sectional | Outreach | VA-eligible adults who experience homelessness | 2011–2011 | – | – | Rapid-Ab (NR) |
Khalili 2019 [33] | San Francisco, CA; Minneapolis, MN | Single-Arm cohort | Shelter-based | Clients who experience homelessness in homeless shelters | Not reported (conference abstract) | – | Rapid Ab (blood) | – |
Klinkenberg 2003 [5] | St. Louis, MO | Unclear | Outreach and referral (hospitals, social service agencies, shelters, soup kitchens, street) | Adults who experience homelessness with co-occurring severe mental illness and substance use disorders | 2000–2000 | – | Ab (blood) | Ab (mixed) |
Magura 2000 [34] | New York City, NY | Unclear, possibly mixed | Soup kitchens | Soup kitchen guests | 1997–1997 | HBsAg (blood) | – | Ab (mixed) |
Page 2017 [35] | San Francisco, CA | Cross-sectional | Outreach (free meal programs, homeless shelters, and low-cost single room occupancy hotels) | Persons who experience homelessness and unstably housed adult women | 2008–2010 | – | Ag detection (blood) | Ag detection (blood) |
Preston 2016 [36] | New Orleans, LA | Single-Arm cohort | Shelter-based | Adults who experience homelessness | Not reported (conference abstract) | – | Rapid-Ab (NR) | – |
Robbins 2010 [37] | San Francisco, CA | Cross-sectional | Shelters and "targeted" sampling, which is not defined in the paper | Adult who experiences homelessness PWID | 2003–2005 | – | – | Ab (mixed) |
Rosenblum 2001 [38] | New York City, NY | Cross-sectional | Healthcare facility-based | Adults who experience homelessness | 1997–1998 | – | Ab (blood) | Rapid-Ab or Ab (NR) |
Schwarz 2008 [39] | Baltimore, MD | Single-Arm cohort | Primarily shelters (11% recruited from soup kitchens and adult IDU clinics.) | Parents with children who experience homelessness | 2001–2004 | – | Ab + Ag (blood) | – |
Sena 2016 [40] | Durham, NC | Cross-sectional | Healthcare facility-based | Adults with HCV risk | 2012–2014 | – | Ab + NAAT (blood) | – |
Stewart 2020 [41] | North Seattle, WA | Retrospective abstraction of electronic medical record data | Healthcare facility-based (SHE clinic) | Women with unstable housing (i.e.; experiencing homelessness) who reported exchanging sex for money or nonmonetary items and who inject drugs | 2018 (4 months) | – | – | NA detection (endocervical swab samples) |
Tsu 2002 [42] | Portland, OR | Double-Arm cohort | Outreach | Youth with HIV risk | 1998–1999 | – | – | Ab (oral fluid) |