Table 4 Outdoor food marketing definitions

Adams et al. (2010), UK [80]

All outdoor advertisements, for any product, within the study city boundaries.

Adjoian et al. (2019), USA [58]

Advertisements included in this study were street-level, stationary signs (posters, stickers, decals, etc.) that displayed a product with the intended purpose of promoting that product or type of product. One ad was considered the single, discrete, physical unit of the poster, sticker, decal etc., even if multiple products were featured.

Barnes et al. (2016), USA [59]

“Exterior marketing” (exterior of small stores) - Images on storefront doors or windows. Images defined to include brands, logos or texts of specified food items and well known products.

Barquera et al. (2018), Mexico [81]

Any [poster, banner, sticker, painting on walls, or flags] inside or outside stores and billboards and walls not related to stores in the buffer areas.

Bragg et al. (2017) a, Ghana [73]

Visible from the street (likely to allow for maximal consumer exposure - both pedestrians and drivers).

Cassady et al. (2015), USA [61]

Ads [found on billboards, bus shelters, bus benches, and posters on storefronts] large enough to be seen from the street.

Chacon et al. (2015), Guatemala [82]

[Posters, stickers, free-standing signs, banners, painting on walls, or flags Inside or] outside stores.

Dia et al. (2021), Uganda [75]

A sign with branded information, pictures or logos for food or beverage products or companies.

Dowling et al. (2020), USA [62]

Outdoor, street level stationary signs on outdoor structures, if they displayed a product with the intended purpose of promoting that product or type of product.

Egli et al. (2019), New Zealand [83]

Stationary objects containing either a recognisable logo and/or an intended message.

Herrera & Pasch, (2018), USA [55]

A marketing strategy that has the potential to influence the commercial food landscape.

Huang et al. (2020), New Zealand [86]

Stationary objects containing either a recognisable logo and/or an intended message.

Isgor et al. (2016), USA [56]

Advertisements posted on external sites such as billboards, wall signs, storefronts. Minimum of 8.5 × 11”.

Kelly et al. (2008), Australia [87]

[Billboards/posters with standard commercial advertisements, temporary advertising of special events, advertisements on outdoor furniture, and signs on buildings] with additional branded product information.

Kelly et al. (2015), Mongolia, Philippines [88]

Outdoor advertising in particular works by integrating branded messages into daily activities and the cultural landscape – signs with branded information, pictures or logos … signage with a product logo in additio n to store identification.

Liu et al. (2020), New Zealand [89]

In outdoor public areas.

Lowery & Sloane (2014), USA [63]

A category of signage that advertises goods or services that are not made or sold at the location of the sign.

Maher et al. (2005), New Zealand [91]

Stationary objects containing either a recognisable logo and/or an intended message.

Nelson et al. (2020), Jamaica [76]

On-premise business signage (“basic information about the products and services that are nearby” found on the outside of stores or restaurants). OOH: visible 24 hours a day and offers repeated exposures.

Ohri-Vachaspati et al. (2015), USA [57]

Posted on exterior of restaurants and visible from the parking lot or street.

Palmer et al. 2021, UK [94]

Prominent features of environments that individuals may experience and interact with in their everyday experiences.

Pasch and Poulos (2013), USA [65]

Free standing, located on something other than a building, or any advertisement directly attached to a building.

Poulos & Pasch (2015), USA [66]

Any sign promoting food or beverages that is free-standing or not attached to an establishment. AND any sign promoting food or beverages that is directly attached to or located on an establishment.

Puspikawati et al. (2020), Indonesia [97]

All food and beverage adverts that were visible from all the roads and alleys in the study location.

Timmermans et al. (2018), Netherlands [103]

Advertisements on stationary objects in public space.

Trapp et al. (n.d.) [104]

Stationary objects containing either a recognisable logo and/or an intended message.

Vandevijvere et al. (2018), New Zealand [78]

Signs of at least A4 size with branded information, pictures or logos.

Velazquez et al. (2019), Canada [79]

Posters or other physical materials with branded or non-branded information, images related to food, or logos for provincially or nationally recognizable food or beverage retailers with the intent to relay information and/or increase awareness about a particular food or beverage product.

Watson et al. (2021), Australia [106]

On public transport property.

Yancey et al. (2009), USA [67]

Advertising for a product or service visible from publicly accessible street or sidewalk, a minimum of 8 × 12 inches, posted on paid commercial space, not an ad for a product/service specific to premises on which the ad was located, not merely the name of the establishment, not targeted exclusively to drivers on high-speed thoroughfares, convey thematic content through words/pictures.

Zenk et al. (2021), USA [68]

On the building exterior and property.