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Table 4 Associations between gender, health literacy, COVID-19-related worries and health-related quality of life in parents (N = 320) a

From: Health-related quality of life, health literacy and COVID-19-related worries of 16- to 17-year-old adolescents and parents one year into the pandemic: a cross-sectional study

Physical component summary b

B

95% CI

P-value

Gender (ref = man)

−0.11

− 1.56 – 1.34

.885

Health literacy

 Having sufficient information to manage my health c

1.04

−0.62 – 2.71

.217

 Actively managing my health c

0.92

−0.40 – 2.25

.172

 Appraisal of health information c

−0.34

−1.63 – 0.94

.598

 Ability to find good health information c

1.56

−0.35 – 3.47

.110

 Understand health information well enough to know what to do c

−2.68

−4.64 – −0.72

.007

Worried about infecting others with COVID-19 (ref = a little worried) d

 Not worried at all

0.11

−1.65 – 1.88

.898

 Worried a lot

−0.68

−2.15 – 0.78

.357

Worried about family/friends becoming sick with COVID-19 (ref = a little worried) d

 Not worried at all

1.36

−0.59 – 3.31

.172

 Worried a lot

−0.28

−1.71 – 1.16

.705

Mental component summary b

B

95% CI

P-value

Gender (ref = man)

−1.17

−3.32 – 0.98

.285

Health literacy

 Having sufficient information to manage my health c

2.10

−0.36 – 4.56

.095

 Actively managing my health c

0.67

−1.29 – 2.64

.501

 Appraisal of health information c

−1.41

−3.31 – 0.49

.145

 Ability to find good health information c

−2.08

−4.92 – 0.74

.148

 Understand health information well enough to know what to do c

4.62

1.72–7.52

.002

Worried about infecting others with COVID-19 (ref = a little worried) d

 Not worried at all

−1.60

−4.21 – 1.02

.230

 Worried a lot

2.69

0.52–4.86

.015

Worried about family/friends becoming sick with COVID-19 (ref = a little worried) d

 Not worried at all

1.70

−1.19 – 4.59

.248

 Worried a lot

−3.84

−5.97 – −1.72

<.001

  1. B, unstandardized coefficient, CI Confidence interval
  2. P-values marked with bold print indicate statistically significant differences between the groups (P ≤ 0.05)
  3. aRobust regression analysis with control for age and education level
  4. bRAND-36 sum scale. Higher values indicate higher levels of health-related quality of life
  5. cSum scores obtained from Health Literacy Questionnaire domains. Higher scores indicate higher levels of health literacy
  6. dThe variable was recoded into three categories: “Not worried at all,” “A little worried” and “Worried a lot” (quite worried, worried a lot)