Table 3 Impact of the multimodal exercise programs in the affordance perception and balance variables
|  |  | Baseline (A) Prevalence or Mean ± SD | Post-intervention (B) Prevalence or Mean ± SD | Follow-up (C) Prevalence or Mean ± SD | P-valuea | Pairwise Comparison |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceptual and stepping-forward boundary | ||||||
 Estimated stepping-forward (cm) | ||||||
|  | EG1 | 53.1 ± 10.4 | 53.5 ± 14.0 | 54.1 ± 12.1 | 0.779 | – |
|  | EG2 | 56.3 ± 12.6 | 58.4 ± 9.5 | 60.2 ± 13.3 | 0.051 | – |
|  | CG | 61.3 ± 13.5 | 58.5 ± 11.8 | 55.6 ± 13.4 | 0.340 | – |
| Â | P-valueb | 0.069 | 0.178 | 0.454 | Â | Â |
 Real stepping-forward (cm) | ||||||
|  | EG1 | 60.6 ± 17.8 | 64.8 ± 15.3 | 62.9 ± 14.0 | 0.156 | – |
|  | EG2 | 65.7 ± 10.9 | 67.3 ± 11.7 | 66.5 ± 15.0 | 0.432 | – |
|  | CG | 69.5 ± 16.5 | 64.4 ± 19.4 | 61.7 ± 18.4 | 0.157 | – |
| Â | P-valueb | 0.339 | 0.878 | 0.734 | Â | Â |
 Absolute Error (cm) | ||||||
|  | EG1 | 10.4 ± 8.0 | 11.4 ± 8.5 | 11.0 ± 8.7 | 0.528 | – |
|  | EG2 | 9.4 ± 6.5 | 10.3 ± 6.0 | 9.2 ± 7.1 | 0.939 | – |
|  | CG | 8.8 ± 7.5 | 9.9 ± 7.1 | 10.0 ± 6.4 | 0.555 | – |
| Â | P-valueb | 0.644 | 0.928 | 0.852 | Â | Â |
 Error tendency (%) | ||||||
  Overestimation | EG1 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 31.3 | 0.039 | – |
  Underestimation | 87.5 | 93.8 | 68.8 | – | ||
  Overestimation | EG2 | 0 | 12.5 | 31.3 | 0.042 | – |
  Underestimation | 100 | 87.5 | 68.8 | – | ||
  Overestimation | CG | 15.8 | 31.6 | 31.6 | 0.276 | – |
  Underestimation | 84.2 | 68.4 | 68.4 | – | ||
P-valueb | 0.199 | 0.199 | 0.223 | Â | Â | |
 Multidimensional balance (points) | ||||||
|  | EG1 | 27.1 ± 4.9 | 31.5 ± 3.7 | 29.0 ± 4.7 | < 0.001 | B > A, C |
|  | EG2 | 27.6 ± 5.1 | 32.4 ± 4.1 | 29.9 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 | B > A, C |
|  | CG | 29.7 ± 3.2 | 29.5 ± 3.7 | 28.9 ± 3.5 | 0.351 | – |
| Â | P-valueb | 0.248 | 0.054 | 0.751 | Â | Â |