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Table 4 Association between independent variables and household access to individual and combined basic WASH services in Benin, 2017–2018

From: Household access to basic drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities: secondary analysis of data from the demographic and health survey V, 2017–2018

Variables

Water

Sanitation

Hygiene

Combined WASH

 

Yes

 

No

p

 

Yes

 

No

p

 

Yes

 

No

p

 

Yes

 

No

p

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Age (years)

    

0.002

    

 < 0.001

    

0.225

    

0.001

 < 30

1,562

63.63

893

36.37

 

220

8.95

2,235

91.05

 

238

9.72

2,216

90.28

 

44

1.78

2,411

98.22

 

30–39

2,507

65.80

1,303

34.20

 

462

12.12

3,348

87.88

 

380

9.98

3,430

90.02

 

101

2.65

3,709

97.35

 

40–49

1,924

64.79

1,046

35.21

 

451

15.19

2,519

84.81

 

324

10.92

2,645

89.08

 

107

3.59

2,863

96.41

 

50–59

1,389

64.70

758

35.30

 

356

16.60

1,790

83.40

 

234

10.92

1,912

89.08

 

86

4.03

2,060

95.97

 

 ≥ 60

1,675

60.36

1,100

39.64

 

392

14.11

2,384

85.89

 

254

9.14

2,522

90.86

 

87

3.14

2,688

96.86

 

Sex

    

 < 0.001

    

0.135

    

0.555

    

0.081

Male

6,654

62.57

3,980

37.43

 

1,383

13.01

9,251

86.99

 

1,085

10.21

9,548

89.79

 

336

3.16

10,298

96.84

 

Female

2,403

68.22

1,119

31.78

 

497

14.12

3,025

85.88

 

346

9.81

3,177

90.19

 

89

2.51

3,434

97.49

 

Level of education

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

No formal education

4,319

57.18

3,234

42.82

 

492

6.52

7,060

93.48

 

469

6.21

7,084

93.79

 

43

0.57

7,510

99.43

 

Primary

2,164

66.97

1,067

33.03

 

427

13.21

2,805

86.79

 

303

9.39

2,929

90.61

 

55

1.71

3,177

98.29

 

Secondary

1,899

73.23

694

26.77

 

587

22.64

2,006

77.36

 

401

15.44

2,193

84.56

 

145

5.57

2,449

94.43

 

Higher

674

86.68

104

13.32

 

374

48.09

404

51.91

 

258

33.18

520

66.82

 

182

23.36

596

76.64

 

Marital status

    

0.018

    

0.784

    

0.550

    

0.948

Single

2,098

66.20

1,071

33.80

 

426

13.45

2,743

86.55

 

330

10.40

2,839

89.60

 

94

2.98

3,074

97.02

 

In couple

6,959

63.34

4,028

36.66

 

1,454

13.23

9,533

86.77

 

1,101

10.02

9,886

89.98

 

330

3.01

10,657

96.99

 

Wealth index

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

Poorest

1,034

41.32

1,468

58.68

 

3

0.10

2,499

99.90

 

96

3.82

2,406

96.18

 

0

0.00

2,501

100.00

 

Poorer

1,412

52.78

1,263

47.22

 

23

0.85

2,652

99.15

 

146

5.47

2,528

94.53

 

1

0.02

2,674

99.98

 

Middle

1,653

59.06

1,145

40.94

 

72

2.57

2,726

97.43

 

179

6.41

2,619

93.59

 

0

0.00

2,798

100.00

 

Richer

2,086

70.68

865

29.32

 

412

13.96

2,539

86.04

 

255

8.63

2,696

91.37

 

18

0.60

2,933

99.40

 

Richest

2,873

88.93

358

11.07

 

1,371

42.43

1,860

57.57

 

755

23.37

2,476

76.63

 

406

12.58

2,825

87.42

 

Household size

    

 < 0.001

    

0.330

    

0.033

    

0.003

 ≤ 5

5,916

67.78

2,812

32.22

 

1,184

13.56

7,544

86.44

 

923

10.58

7,805

89.42

 

297

3.40

8,431

96.60

 

 > 5

3,141

57.86

2,287

42.14

 

697

12.83

4,731

87.17

 

508

9.36

4,920

90.64

 

128

2.36

5,300

97.64

 

Children aged 5 and under in the household

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

0.008

    

 < 0.001

No

3,785

67.62

1,813

32.38

 

894

15.97

4,704

84.03

 

624

11.14

4,975

88.86

 

220

3.94

5,378

96.06

 

Yes

5,271

61.60

3,286

38.40

 

986

11.53

7,571

88.47

 

807

9.44

7,750

90.56

 

204

2.39

8,353

97.61

 

Area

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

Urban

4,474

73.30

1,630

26.70

 

1,365

22.36

4,739

77.64

 

841

13.78

5,262

86.22

 

369

6.04

5,735

93.96

 

Rural

4,583

56.91

3,470

43.09

 

515

6.40

7,537

93.60

 

590

7.32

7,463

92.68

 

56

0.69

7,996

99.31

 

Department

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

    

 < 0.001

Alibori

426

35.76

765

64.24

 

47

3.97

1,144

96.03

 

98

8.25

1,093

91.75

 

6

0.53

1,185

99.47

 

Atacora

469

50.78

455

49.22

 

39

4.20

885

95.80

 

38

4.11

885

95.89

 

11

1.17

913

98.83

 

Atlantique

1,385

70.36

584

29.64

 

355

18.02

1,614

81.98

 

359

18.24

1,610

81.76

 

126

6.38

1,843

93.62

 

Borgou

788

52.63

709

47.37

 

131

8.72

1,367

91.28

 

178

11.90

1,319

88.10

 

30

2.03

1,467

97.97

 

Collines

652

66.44

329

33.56

 

51

5.19

930

94.81

 

135

13.75

846

86.25

 

11

1.13

970

98.87

 

Couffo

615

55.50

493

44.50

 

62

5.62

1,046

94.38

 

108

9.76

1,000

90.24

 

9

0.80

1,099

99.20

 

Donga

316

42.67

424

57.33

 

40

5.35

701

94.65

 

41

5.52

700

94.48

 

2

0.26

739

99.74

 

Littoral

839

98.54

12

1.46

 

293

34.35

559

65.65

 

246

28.83

606

71.17

 

135

15.90

716

84.10

 

Mono

606

69.00

272

31.00

 

92

10.48

787

89.52

 

38

4.33

841

95.67

 

6

0.64

873

99.36

 

Ouémé

1,261

77.27

371

22.73

 

328

20.07

1,305

79.93

 

121

7.44

1,511

92.56

 

60

3.65

1,573

96.35

 

Plateau

690

70.11

294

29.89

 

125

12.68

859

87.32

 

15

1.50

969

98.50

 

5

0.56

979

99.44

 

Zou

1,009

72.14

390

27.86

 

319

22.81

1,079

77.19

 

54

3.85

1,345

96.15

 

24

1.69

1,375

98.31

 
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