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Table 3 Crude and adjusted association between place of residence and prevalence of undiagnosed, untreated and undertreated hypertension among older adults in India (2017–18)

From: Decomposing the rural–urban gap in the prevalence of undiagnosed, untreated and under-treated hypertension among older adults in India

Predictors

Undiagnosed Hypertension

Untreated Hypertension

Undertreated Hypertension

COR

AOR

COR

AOR

COR

AOR

Place of Residence

Urban ®

      

Rural

1.68***

(1.44—1.95)

1.37***

(1.22—1.53)

1.38***

(1.16—1.63)

1.27**

(1.07—1.51)

0.63***

(0.54—0.75)

0.85**

(0.74—0.98)

Sex

Male ®

      

Female

 

0.70***

(0.6—0.81)

 

0.92

(0.75—1.13)

 

0.96

(0.81—1.12)

Age

 

0.96*

(0.92—1.00)

 

1.02

(0.95—1.09)

 

1.08**

(1.02—1.14)

Age squared

 

1.00

(0.99—1.00)

 

0.99

(0.99—1.00)

 

0.99**

(0.99—1.00)

Marital Status

Others ®

      

Currently married

 

1.05

(0.93—1.18)

 

0.92

(0.76—1.11)

 

0.82**

(0.69—0.98)

Religion

Muslim ®

      

Hindu

 

1.16*

(0.98—1.36)

 

0.94

(0.75—1.17)

 

0.84*

(0.7—1.00)

Others

 

1.16

(0.94—1.42)

 

0.99

(0.72—1.35)

 

1.02

(0.8—1.3)

Social Group

SC ®

      

ST

 

1.64***

(1.39—1.94)

 

0.82

(0.61—1.11)

 

0.7**

(0.55—0.89)

OBC

 

1.07

(0.94—1.22)

 

0.83

(0.65—1.05)

 

0.93

(0.79—1.09)

Others

 

1.04

(0.9—1.19)

 

0.78**

(0.6—1.00)

 

1.04

(0.88—1.24)

Economic Status

Poorest ®

      

Poorer

 

0.86**

(0.74—0.99)

 

0.89

(0.69—1.13)

 

1.14

(0.95—1.37)

Middle

 

0.84**

(0.71—1.00)

 

0.77**

(0.61—0.97)

 

1.2*

(1.00—1.46)

Richer

 

0.7***

(0.6—0.82)

 

0.68**

(0.53—0.88)

 

1.32**

(1.08—1.62)

Richest

 

0.68***

(0.57—0.81)

 

0.56***

(0.44—0.72)

 

1.14

(0.9—1.44)

Education

Not literate ®

      

Primary or below

 

0.81***

(0.71—0.92)

 

0.98

(0.78—1.22)

 

1.07

(0.91—1.25)

Secondary

 

0.75***

(0.64—0.88)

 

1.13

(0.86—1.48)

 

1.19

(0.89—1.58)

Higher secondary or above

 

0.88

(0.63—1.22)

 

1.35**

(1.00—1.81)

 

0.95

(0.73—1.24)

Work Status

Not working ®

      

Currently working

 

1.36***

(1.21—1.53)

 

0.9

(0.74—1.09)

 

0.78***

(0.67—0.91)

Health Insurance

Not covered ®

      

Covered

 

0.95

(0.84—1.07)

 

0.96

(0.81—1.15)

 

1.07

(0.92—1.24)

Region

North ®

      

Central

 

1.41***

(1.22—1.63)

 

0.64***

(0.5—0.81)

 

0.77**

(0.64—0.92)

East

 

1.17**

(1.03—1.34)

 

0.77**

(0.63—0.94)

 

1.15*

(0.98—1.34)

Northeast

 

0.87*

(0.74—1.01)

 

1.17

(0.93—1.49)

 

1.58***

(1.31—1.89)

West

 

1.57***

(1.36—1.81)

 

0.56***

(0.42—0.75)

 

0.93

(0.79—1.1)

South

 

1.48***

(1.26—1.73)

 

0.38***

(0.3—0.48)

 

1.11

(0.93—1.33)

Comorbidity

None ®

      

At least one

 

0.33***

(0.3—0.37)

 

1.28**

(1.09—1.51)

 

1.83***

(1.62—2.07)

Physical Activity

Inactive ®

      

Moderately active

 

1.07

(0.92—1.25)

 

1.09

(0.85—1.39)

 

1.21

(0.93—1.57)

Highly active

 

1.18**

(1.01—1.38)

 

1.21*(0.98—1.5)

 

0.72***

(0.6—0.86)

Tobacco Consumption

Never consumed ®

      

Currently not consuming any

 

0.92

(0.73—1.15)

 

1.24

(0.86—1.81)

 

1.06

(0.78—1.44)

Smokes only

 

1.24**

(1.05—1.47)

 

1.16

(0.89—1.5)

 

0.71**

(0.58—0.88)

Uses smokeless tobacco only

 

1.28***

(1.13—1.44)

 

1.08

(0.88—1.33)

 

0.78**

(0.67—0.91)

Both smokable and smokeless

 

1.31*

(0.97—1.77)

 

0.76

(0.44—1.3)

 

0.52**

(0.32—0.87)

Body Mass Index

Normal ®

      

Underweight

 

1.14**

(1.00—1.3)

 

0.99

(0.78—1.26)

 

0.56***

(0.47—0.67)

Overweight

 

0.75***

(0.67—0.84)

 

1.04

(0.88—1.23)

 

1.53***

(1.33—1.75)

  1. ®Reference category; COR: Crude Odds Ratio, AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio
  2. *** p < 0.001 ** p < 0.05 and * p < 0.1
  3. Source: Authors’ own calculations from Longitudinal Ageing Study in India, 2017–18 (LASI-Wave I)