Face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: how risk perception, experience with COVID-19, and attitude towards government interact with country-wide policy stringency

Wismans, Annelot; van der Zwan, Peter; Wennberg, Karl; Franken, Ingmar; Mukerjee, Jinia; Baptista, Rui; Marín, Jorge Barrientos; Burke, Andrew; Dejardin, Marcus; Janssen, Frank; Letina, Srebrenka; Millán, José María; Santarelli, Enrico; Torrès, Olivier; Thurik, Roy

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13632-9

Table 4 Linear multi-level regressions with face mask use as the dependent variable (including interactions)

From: Face mask use during the COVID-19 pandemic: how risk perception, experience with COVID-19, and attitude towards government interact with country-wide policy stringency

	Model 1 Interactions with Government trust			Model 2 Interactions with Perceived clarity communication			Model 3 Interactions with International student
	Coeff.	SE	p-value	Coeff.	SE	p-value	Coeff.	SE	p-value
Intercept	1.83	0.29	< 0.001	1.77	0.29	< 0.001	1.43	0.28	0.001
Risk perception COVID-19 (individual level)
Self-related	0.14	0.02	< 0.001	0.14	0.02	< 0.001	0.12	0.02	< 0.001
Other-related	0.03	0.02	0.16	0.03	0.02	0.14	0.03	0.02	0.19
Experience COVID-19 (individual level)
Direct experience	− 0.08	0.06	0.20	−0.07	0.06	0.24	−0.02	0.06	0.75
Indirect experience	0.02	0.04	0.65	0.01	0.04	0.76	0.03	0.04	0.50
Government attitude (individual level)
Government trust	−0.31	0.05	< 0.001	− 0.03	0.02	0.18	0.005	0.02	0.79
Perceived clarity communication	−0.02	0.02	0.23	−0.22	0.06	0.01	−0.01	0.02	0.77
Policy stringency (country level)
Stringency: medium (vs. low)	1.33	0.38	0.01	1.37	0.38	0.01	1.81	0.36	0.002
Stringency: high (vs. low)	2.25	0.41	< 0.001	2.25	0.41	< 0.001	2.65	0.39	< 0.001
Interactions
Government trust × Stringency: medium (vs. low)	0.32	0.07	0.01
Government trust × Stringency: high (vs. low)	0.45	0.08	< 0.001
Perc. clarity communication × Stringency: medium (vs. low)				0.19	0.07	0.06
Perc. clarity communication × Stringency: high (vs. low)				0.34	0.08	0.001
International student × Stringency: medium (vs. low)							−1.95	0.29	0.005
International × Stringency: high (vs. low)							−1.98	0.45	< 0.001
Controls (individual level)
Female	0.35	0.04	< 0.001	0.35	0.04	< 0.001	0.33	0.03	< 0.001
Age	0.01	0.02	0.53	0.01	0.02	0.59	0.03	0.02	0.05
International student	0.61	0.05	< 0.001	0.62	0.05	< 0.001	1.69	0.22	0.003
Variance individual level	1.90	0.03		1.91	0.03		1.83	0.03
Variance country level	0.24	0.13		0.24	0.13		0.22	0.12
Variance random slope	0.001	0.003		0.002	0.003		0.07	0.08
Covariance	−0.002	0.02		−0.02	0.02		−0.11	0.12
Pseudo R² individual level	0.06			0.06			0.09
Pseudo R² country level	0.75			0.75			0.77
Deviance	24,117			24,141			23,857
AIC / BIC	24,154	24,277		24,177	24,300		23,893	24,016
Number of individuals	6905			6905			6905
Number of countries	10			10			10

SE=Kenward-Roger standard error. Restricted maximum likelihood is used. Estimates in bold represent p-values< 0.05. Each model includes a random intercept term, a random slope term (for government trust in Model 1, perceived clarity in Model 2, and international student in Model 3), and a covariance term between intercept and slope

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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