| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff. | SE | p-value | Coeff. | SE | p-value | Coeff. | SE | p-value | |
Intercept | 3.26 | 0.31 | < 0.001 | 2.98 | 0.19 | < 0.001 | 1.68 | 0.28 | < 0.001 |
Risk perception COVID-19 (individual level) | |||||||||
 Self-related |  |  |  | 0.14 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | 0.14 | 0.02 | < 0.001 |
 Other-related |  |  |  | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.15 |
Experience COVID-19 (individual level) | |||||||||
 Direct experience |  |  |  | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.27 | −0.06 | 0.06 | 0.27 |
 Indirect experience |  |  |  | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.80 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.80 |
Government attitude (individual level) | |||||||||
 Government trust |  |  |  | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.17 | − 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
 Perceived clarity communication |  |  |  | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.17 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.18 |
Policy stringency (country level) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Stringency facemask regulations |  |  |  | 0.90 | 0.20 | 0.002 |  |  |  |
 Stringency: medium (vs. low) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.48 | 0.37 | 0.005 |
 Stringency: high (vs. low) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.35 | 0.40 | < 0.001 |
Controls (individual level) | |||||||||
 Female |  |  |  | 0.34 | 0.04 | < 0.001 | 0.34 | 0.04 | < 0.001 |
 Age |  |  |  | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.55 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.54 |
 International student |  |  |  | 0.66 | 0.05 | < 0.001 | 0.66 | 0.05 | < 0.001 |
Variance individual level | 2.02 | 0.03 | Â | 1.92 | 0.03 | Â | 1.92 | 0.03 | Â |
Variance country level | 0.95 | 0.43 | Â | 0.35 | 0.18 | Â | 0.23 | 0.13 | Â |
Pseudo R2 individual level | Â | Â | Â | 0.05 | Â | Â | 0.05 | Â | Â |
Pseudo R2 country level | Â | Â | Â | 0.63 | Â | Â | 0.76 | Â | Â |
Deviance | 24,496 | Â | Â | 24,166 | Â | Â | 24,160 | Â | Â |
AIC / BIC | 24,502 | 24,523 | Â | 24,192 | 24,281 | Â | 24,188 | 24,284 | Â |
Number of individuals | 6905 | Â | Â | 6905 | Â | Â | 6905 | Â | Â |
Number of countries | 10 | Â | Â | 10 | Â | Â | 10 | Â | Â |