Table 2 Standardized coefficients of the cross-lagged analysis on the relationships among SRH, IS, HI, and LS

Temporal autoregressive effects

  SRH ₁ → SRH ₂

0.587 (0.538, 0.637)***

  IV ₁ → IV ₂

0.579 (0.464, 0.695) ***

  HI ₁ → HI ₂

0.608 (0.565, 0.651) ***

  LS ₁ → LS ₂

0.673 (0.563, 0.782)***

Cross-sectional correlations

Baseline (1st -wave)

  SRH ₁ ↔ LS₁

0.319 (0.257, 0.380)***

  IS ₁ ↔ LS ₁

0.524 (0.465, 0.584)***

  HI ₁ ↔ LS₁

0.339 (0.563, 0.782)***

Follow-up (2nd -wave)

  SRH ₂ ↔ LS₂

0.135 (0.061, 0.210)***

  IS ₂ ↔ LS ₂

0.229 (0.138, 0.320)***

  HI ₂ ↔ LS₂

0.081 (0.005, 0.156)*

Causal and Reverse Causal effects

Self-rated health and life satisfaction

  SRH ₁ → LS ₂

0.074 (0.021, 0.127)**

  LS ₁ → SRH ₂

0.086 (0.020, 0.151)*

Instrumental Support and life satisfaction

  IV ₁ → LS ₂

0.107 (0.042, 0.171)*

  LS ₁ → IV ₂

− 0.008 (-0.084, 0.069)

Household Income and life satisfaction

  HI ₁ → LS ₂

0.073 (0.010, 0.137)*

  LS ₁ → HI ₂

0.015 (-0.042, 0.123)