Table 2 Difference-in-differences analyses of the blood and behavioral variables. Entries are least-squares means (95% confidence intervals). Entries in bold are those for which the confidence interval does not contain 0. Note: CPM = comparison pearl millet, BPM = biofortified pearl millet

Blood variables

Hb (g/dL)

12.18 (11.79, 12.57)

12.09 (11.75, 12.44)

12.11 (11.72, 2.50)

12.41 (12.06, 12.76)

0.09 (-0.43, 0.61)

0.32 (-0.17, 0.81)

-0.39 (-1.13, 0.34)

sFt (ng/mL)

13.38 (9.24, 17.51)

17.05 (13.34, 20.76)

14.93 (10.79, 19.07)

22.31 (18.60, 26.03)

-3.67 (-9.24, 1.89)

5.26 (0.01, 10.51)

-3.70 (-11.60, 4.16)

sTfR (ug/mL)

7.35 (6.48, 8.22)

6.99 (6.21, 7.76)

7.92 (7.05, 8.79)

6.90 (6.12, 7.68)

0.36 (-0.80, 1.53)

-0.08 (-1.18, 1.02)

0.65 (-0.99, 2.30)

BdFe (mg/kg)

0.31 (-0.76, 1.38)

0.86 (-0.10, 1.82)

0.49 (-0.58, 1.56)

1.72 (0.76, 2.68)

-0.54 (-1.98, 0.90)

0.86 (-0.50, 2.22)

-0.69 (-2.72, 1.35)

Behavioral variables

SRT

RT (ms)

1186 (1154, 1218)

1181 (1153, 1210)

1051 (1018, 1083)

1082 (1053, 1111)

4 (-39, 48)

-100 (-141, -59)

-36 (-97, 26)

GNG

RT (ms)

627 (600, 654)

661 (637, 684)

592 (565,619)

546 (522, 569)

-34 (-69, 2)

-115 (-148, -82)

80 (30, 130)

ANT

RT 0 cues (ms)

658 (624, 692)

677 (647, 707)

668 (634, 702)

692 (662, 723)

-19 (-64, 27)

15 (-28, 58)

-5 (-69, 59)

RT 2 cues (ms)

633 (597, 668)

712 (680, 745)

632 (596, 668)

581 (549, 613)

-80 (-128, -32)

-131 (-177, -86)

130 (62, 199)

RT alerting (ms)

22 (-10, 54)

-36 (-65, -7)

44 (12, 76)

111 (82, 140)

58 (15, 101)

147 (106, 187)

-125 (-186, -64)

RT center cues (ms)

669 (634, 703)

687 (657, 718)

618 (583, 652)

643 (613, 674)

-19 (-65, 27)

-44 (-87, -1)

-6 (-71, 58)

RT spatial cues (ms)

575 (548, 602)

641 (617, 665)

614 (587, 641)

561 (537, 585)

-66 (-102, -30)

-79 (-113, -45)

118 (67, 169)

RT orienting (ms)

90 (54, 125)

46 (15, 78)

12 (-24, 47)

82 (50, 114)

44 (-4, 91)

35 (-10, 80)

-114 (-181, -46)

RT cons flankers (ms)

677 (646, 709)

692 (664, 720)

643 (612, 675)

686 (658, 715)

-15 (-57, 28)

-5 (-45, 34)

-29 (-88, 31)

RT incons flankers (ms)

766 (731, 801)

814 (742, 846)

814 (778, 849)

725 (693, 756)

-48 (-95, -1)

-89 (-134, -44)

137 (70, 204)

RT conflict (ms)

89 (64,114)

121 (99, 144)

170 (145, 195)

38 (16, 61)

-32 (-66, 1)

-83 (-115, -51)

165 (117, 212)

CFE

CFE RT (ms)

59 (28, 90)

39 (11, 67)

47 (16, 78)

92 (64, 120)

20 (-22, 61)

53 (13, 92)

-64 (-123, -5)

CFE hit rate (ms)

-0.02 (-0.07, 0.03)

0.01 (-0.03, 0.06)

-0.01 (-0.06, 0.04)

0.03 (-0.01, 0.07)

-0.04 (-0.10, 0.03)

0.02 (-0.04, 0.08)

-0.01 (-0.09, 0.09)

CFE false alarm rate (propn)

-0.03 (-0.07, 0.02)

0.03 (-0.01, 0.08)

0.01 (-0.03, 0.06)

-0.04 (-0.07, 0.01)

-0.06 (-0.12, 0.01)

-0.06 (-0.12, -0.01)

0.10 (0.01, 0.19)

CFE sensitivity (SD)

0.05 (-0.21, 0.31)

0.09 (-0.14, 0.32)

0.08 (-0.18, 0.34)

0.42 (0.19, 0.65)

-0.04 (-0.38, 0.31)

0.33 (0.01, 0.66)

-0.30 (-0.79, 0.19)

CFE bias (SD)

0.03 (-0.11, 0.16)

0.08 (-0.04, 0.20)

-0.01 (-0.14, 0.14)

-0.10 (-0.22, 0.03)

-0.06 (-0.24, 0.13)

-0.18 (-0.35, -0.01)

0.15 (-0.11, 0.41)

CRT

RT, new items (ms)

939 (873, 1006)

862 (803, 922)

853 (787, 919)

879 (819, 938)

77 (-12, 166)

16 (-67, 100)

-103 (-228, 23)

RT, old items (ms)

737 (698, 777)

720 (684, 755)

747 (707, 787)

666 (630, 702)

18 (-36, 71)

-54 (-104, -3)

64 (-12, 139)

Sensitivity (SD)

3.26 (2.93, 3.58)

3.32 (3.03, 3.62)

3.35 (3.03, 3.68)

3.93 (3.64, 4.23)

-0.07 (-0.50, 0.37)

0.61 (0.20, 1.02)

-0.52 (-1.13, 0.10)

Bias (SD)

0.02 (-0.14, 0.18)

-0.01(-0.15, 0.14)

0.05 (-0.11, 0.21)

-0.08 (-0.22, 0.06)

0.03 (-0.19, 0.24)

-0.08 (-0.27, 0.13)

0.10 (-0.20, 0.40)

Pct change in capacity (%)

31 (23, 40)

35 (28, 42)

52 (45, 60)

80 (73, 87)

-4 (-14, 7)

45 (35, 55)

-24 (-39, -9)