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Table 5 Longitudinal associations between specific built characteristics and walking, Alberta’s Tomorrow Project, Canada, 2008–2015

From: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between the built environment and walking: effect modification by socioeconomic status

 

Overall sample

Overall sample

 

Highest education level attained

Household incomea

Crude

(unadjusted)

(n = 703)

Adjusted

(n = 703)

p-value for interaction term

High school

or less

(n = 149)

> High

school

(n = 554)

Low-income

(n = 204)

Not low-income

(n = 499)

b (95% CI)

b (95% CI)

education income

b (95% CI)

b (95% CI)

b (95% CI)

b (95% CI)

Change in built environment (baseline to follow up)

 Connectivity

−0.51 (− 3.10, 2.09)

−0.18 (− 2.77, 2.40)

0.564

0.231

    

 Diversity of destinations

−0.20 (− 3.82, 3.42)

−0.46 (− 4.05, 3.12)

0.036

0.604

−6.90 (− 13.94, 0.14)

1.85 (− 2.27, 5.96)

  

 Population count

0.01 (− 0.03, 0.04)

0.01 (− 0.02, 0.04)

0.759

0.882

    
  1. Note. Each model included only one of the built environment variables. Overall adjusted models included relationship status, children at home, season of survey completion, follow-up survey type, and years between surveys, as time-varying coefficients. Models with stratum-specific estimates were adjusted for the same covariates and were included in the table wherever the P value for the interaction term was less than 0.10 (model estimates from models with statistically significant interaction terms (P < 0.05) were bolded. Models testing for effect modification by baseline education and household low-income status were each run separately
  2. aHousehold low-income status was determined using the 2006 median income level for Alberta, estimated from the 2006 Statistics Canada Census
  3. *P < 0.05