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Table 1 Sociodemographic, Health Behavior, and Clinical Characteristics by nSC Level, and Stratified by SPD Status (N = 168,573)

From: Neighborhood social cohesion and serious psychological distress among Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and White adults in the United States: a cross-sectional study

 

Low Cohesion

n = 53,964 (32.0%)

Medium Cohesion

n = 55,611 (33.0%)

High Cohesion

n = 58,998 (35.0%)

Total

N = 168,573

All

N = 

53,964

No SPD

N = 50,717

With SPD

N = 3247

All

N = 

55,611

No SPD

N = 

54,016

With SPD

N = 1595

All

N = 

58,998

No SPD

N = 

57,541

With SPD

N = 1457

All

N = 

168,573

No SPD

N = 

162,274

With SPD

N = 6299

Serious Psychological Distressa (yes)

6.0%

–

–

2.9%

–

–

2.5%

–

–

3.7%

–

–

Age, mean ± SE (years)

44 ± 0.1

44 ± 0.1

46 ± 0.4

47 ± 0.1

47 ± 0.1

48 ± 0.6

51 ± 0.1

51 ± 0.1

50 ± 0.6

47 ± 0.1

47 ± 0.1

47 ± 0.3

 18–30 (%)

18.7

18.8

16.0

16.2

16.2

15.4

13.7

13.7

12.8

16.4

16.4

15.2

 31–49 (%)

21.0

20.8

23.7

23.5

23.4

24.3

26.0

25.9

26.8

23.3

23.3

24.5

 ≥ 50 (%)

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

60.3

Women (%)

53.2

52.7

62.5

49.5

49.3

59.1

53.0

52.8

62.7

51.9

51.6

61.7

Race/ethnicity

 Asian (%)

5.1

5.3

2.2

6.2

6.3

4.4

4.9

5.0

2.7

5.4

5.5

2.9

 Black (%)

14.2

14.3

11.6

11.7

11.7

11.8

7.9

7.8

10.6

11.2

11.1

11.5

 Hispanic/Latinx (%)

19.4

19.3

20.6

14.2

14.2

14.6

10.4

10.3

13.9

14.6

14.5

17.5

 White (%)

61.3

61.0

65.7

67.9

67.8

69.1

76.8

76.9

72.8

68.9

68.9

68.1

Marital/Co-habiting status

 Married/living with partner or cohabitating (%)

55.2

56.0

42.1

62.3

62.7

45.6

66.6

67.1

46.1

61.6

62.2

44.1

 Divorced/widowed/no live-In partner (%)

24.0

23.4

34.7

19.8

19.4

33.0

18.5

18.1

33.0

20.5

20.0

33.8

 Single/no live-in partner (%)

20.8

20.6

23.2

18.0

17.9

21.4

14.9

14.8

20.9

17.9

17.8

22.1

Educational attainment

 < High school (%)

13.7

13.1

23.8

9.5

9.2

22.5

8.3

8.0

21.9

10.4

9.9

23.0

 High school graduate (%)

29.9

29.6

34.7

26.5

26.3

32.4

26.1

25.8

35.2

27.5

27.2

34.1

 Some college (%)

31.1

31.1

30.5

29.7

29.7

30.8

29.7

29.7

29.8

30.2

30.1

30.5

 ≥ College (%)

25.3

26.3

11.0

34.3

34.8

14.4

35.9

36.4

13.1

32.0

32.7

12.3

Annual Household Income

 < $35,000 (%)

37.5

35.8

62.7

26.5

25.8

53.5

23.0

22.1

54.9

28.8

27.6

58.6

 $35,000-$74,999 (%)

32.1

32.4

26.2

30.1

30.2

26.3

28.0

28.1

25.3

30.1

30.3

25.9

 ≥ $75,000 (%)

30.5

31.8

11.2

43.3

44.0

20.2

49.0

49.8

19.8

41.1

42.1

15.4

Occupational Class

 Professional/Management (%)

17.5

18.0

10.1

22.7

23.0

12.1

23.5

23.8

10.6

21.4

21.8

10.8

 Support Services (%)

44.1

44.1

44.1

44.3

44.3

45.1

46.5

46.6

42.2

45.1

45.1

43.9

 Laborers (%)

38.4

37.9

45.7

32.9

32.7

42.8

30.0

29.6

47.2

33.5

33.1

45.3

Unemployed/not in the labor force (%)

43.9

42.0

72.5

39.9

39.0

71.0

39.8

38.9

71.6

41.1

39.9

71.9

Living in poverty (< 100% Federal Poverty Level) (%)

15.5

14.3

33.9

9.9

9.4

25.3

8.1

7.6

26.4

11.0

10.3

29.8

Other government assistance (%)

17.9

16.5

40.3

10.8

10.2

32.4

8.1

7.6

31.3

12.1

11.3

36.1

Region of residence

 Northeast (%)

17.9

18.0

16.7

18.9

19.0

16.5

18.0

18.1

12.7

18.2

18.3

15.7

 Midwest (%)

21.1

21.1

21.9

22.5

22.5

21.5

23.7

23.7

23.7

22.5

22.5

22.2

 South (%)

36.4

36.2

38.7

35.6

35.6

38.4

37.8

37.8

41.3

36.7

36.6

39.3

 West (%)

24.6

24.7

22.7

23.0

22.9

23.6

20.5

20.4

22.3

22.6

22.6

22.8

Health Behaviors

 Sleep duration

  < 6 h (%)

11.8

10.6

30.8

7.9

7.4

26.2

7.5

7.0

29.4

8.9

8.2

29.4

  < 7 h (%)

24.5

24.4

26.7

22.6

22.5

26.4

20.4

20.3

25.5

22.4

22.2

26.2

  7–9 h (%) (Recommended)

59.2

60.8

33.3

65.8

66.6

37.4

68.2

69.0

35.0

64.7

65.8

34.7

  > 9 h (%)

4.5

4.2

9.3

3.6

3.5

10.0

3.9

3.8

10.1

4.0

3.8

9.6

 Trouble falling asleep (≥ 3 times/week) (%)

25.5

22.9

68.0

18.7

17.4

65.1

16.7

15.6

63.7

20.1

18.4

66.4

 Trouble staying asleep (≥ 3 times/week) (%)

32.4

30.1

69.8

26.3

25.1

69.9

24.5

23.5

66.9

27.5

25.9

69.2

 Woke up feeling unrested (≥ 3 days/week) (%)

50.7

48.6

84.9

42.2

41.1

82.8

37.0

36.0

79.8

42.9

41.5

83.3

 Sleep medication use the past week (≥ 3 times/week) (%)

11.5

9.9

35.3

8.9

8.3

32.9

9.1

8.4

37.8

9.8

8.8

35.2

 Smoking status

  Never/ quit > 12 months priore (%)

80.4

81.6

61.4

84.7

85.3

65.2

85.6

86.2

62.0

83.7

84.5

62.7

  Quit ≤ 12 months Ago (%)

1.5

1.4

2.7

1.3

1.3

2.0

1.2

1.2

2.6

1.3

1.3

2.5

  Current (%)

18.1

17.0

35.9

14.0

13.4

32.7

13.2

12.7

35.4

15.0

14.2

34.7

 Leisure-time physical activity

  Never/unable (%)

38.2

37.1

54.8

30.6

30.1

49.7

28.6

28.0

52.6

32.2

31.4

53.1

  Does not meet PA guidelines (%)

19.3

19.3

19.4

19.1

19.0

22.2

18.2

18.2

18.3

18.9

18.8

19.8

  Meets PA guidelinesb,e (%)

42.5

43.5

25.8

50.3

50.9

28.1

53.1

53.7

29.1

49.0

49.8

27.1

 Alcohol status

  Never (%)

20.4

20.5

19.8

18.7

18.6

20.5

19.4

19.3

21.6

19.5

19.4

20.5

  Former (%)

17.6

17.1

26.9

14.6

14.3

23.7

14.0

13.8

22.0

15.2

14.8

24.8

  Current (%)

61.9

62.5

53.3

66.7

67.0

55.8

66.6

66.8

56.5

65.3

65.7

54.7

Clinical Characteristics

 Body Mass Index (BMI)

  Underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2)

1.6

1.5

2.8

1.6

1.5

3.7

1.6

1.6

2.8

1.6

1.6

3.1

  Recommended body mass index (18.5- < 25 kg/m2)e (%)

30.3

30.5

26.9

32.6

32.7

29.4

34.2

34.3

28.5

32.5

32.6

27.9

  Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) (%)

34.0

34.4

27.6

36.0

36.2

29.7

36.0

36.1

30.3

35.4

35.6

28.7

  Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) (%)

34.1

33.6

42.6

29.8

29.6

37.1

28.2

28.0

38.4

30.5

30.2

40.4

Dyslipidemia (yes)c,e (%)

50.9

49.8

64.1

48.6

48.2

58.6

50.2

49.7

64.3

49.8

49.1

62.7

Hypertension (yes)e (%)

38.6

37.7

53.0

35.3

34.9

51.4

33.9

33.4

53.4

35.7

35.1

52.6

Prediabetes/ diabetes (yes)e (%)

20.9

20.2

31.5

17.4

17.0

30.9

15.4

15.1

28.7

17.6

17.1

30.1

“Ideal” Cardiovascular Health (yes)d (%)

7.4

7.7

2.8

10.2

10.4

3.7

11.4

11.6

2.9

9.7

10.0

3.0

Self-Rated Health Status

 Excellent/Very Good/Good (%)

80.0

82.4

43.2

87.0

88.2

46.3

89.1

90.1

50.4

85.8

87.3

45.6

 Fair/Poor (%)

20.0

17.6

56.8

13.0

11.8

53.7

10.9

9.9

49.6

14.2

12.7

54.4

  1. All estimates are weighted for the survey’s complex sampling design. All estimates except for age are age-standardized to the U.S. 2010 population. Percentages may not sum to 100 due to missing values or rounding
  2. SE standard error
  3. aKessler-6 psychological distress scale score ≥ 13
  4. bMeets PA (physical activity) guidelines defined as ≥ 150 min/week of moderate intensity or ≥ 75 min/week of vigorous intensity or ≥ 150 min/week of moderate + vigorous intensity physical activity
  5. cDyslipidemia defined as high cholesterol in the 12 months prior to interview. Available for survey years 2011–2017
  6. d“Ideal” cardiovascular health includes never smoking/quit > 12 months prior to interview, BMI 18.5- < 25 kg/m2, meeting physical activity guidelines, and no prior diagnosis of dyslipidemia, hypertension, or diabetes/prediabetes
  7. eIndicator of “ideal” cardiovascular health
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BMC Public Health

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