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Table 4 Associations between respondent characteristics and bypassing

From: Health care seeking in modern urban LMIC settings: evidence from Lusaka, Zambia

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

Primary Care Bypassing

Two-level Bypassing

Horizontal Bypassing

Female

0.901**

0.989

1.097**

(0.830 to 0.979)

(0.938 to 1.043)

(1.003 to 1.200)

Age (Ref = 18–29)

 30–44

1.049

1.049*

1.058

(0.956 to 1.150)

(0.991 to 1.110)

(0.978 to 1.144)

 45 + 

0.987

1.052*

1.066

(0.869 to 1.122)

(0.993 to 1.114)

(0.957 to 1.188)

 Married

1.007

0.987

0.903**

(0.934 to 1.086)

(0.927 to 1.051)

(0.835 to 0.976)

Education level (Ref = Primary or less)

 Secondary

1.072

0.999

1.106**

(0.964 to 1.192)

(0.951 to 1.049)

(1.020 to 1.199)

 Higher

1.026

1.130**

1.344***

(0.850 to 1.238)

(1.014 to 1.259)

(1.142 to 1.581)

 Asset score

1.020

1.016**

0.976

(0.982 to 1.060)

(1.001 to 1.031)

(0.941 to 1.011)

Reason for seeking care (Ref = check-up)

 Chronic condition

1.066

1.096**

1.008

(0.967 to 1.176)

(1.005 to 1.197)

(0.874 to 1.164)

 Acute condition

0.966

0.988

0.956

(0.885 to 1.056)

(0.946 to 1.032)

(0.860 to 1.062)

 Constant

1.968***

0.991

1.335***

(1.629 to 2.378)

(0.888 to 1.107)

(1.104 to 1.614)

 Observations

577

577

577

 R-squared

0.035

0.081

0.054

  1. Table shows exponentiated coefficients and 95% confidence intervals from logistic regression models. Standard errors are clustered at the enumeration area level. “Ref” indicates the omitted reference group for categorical variables
  2. ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1