Table 1 The characteristics and different features of endgame proposals that support introducing monopoly-oriented endgame models (MOEM)
Study | Aim | Proposed MOEM | MOEM function within the supply chain |
|---|---|---|---|
Liberman [17] | • Tackle the “perverse incentive” of tobacco companies to break the nexus between profit making and harm causing via a regulatory system • To minimise harm caused by tobacco | An agency would oversee the whole regulatory system and fill in ‘regulatory gaps’ within the supply chain | The agency has an overarching regulatory presence on all the processes of the supply chain |
Borland [8] | • Regulate the tobacco industry, by incentivising them to produce less harmful product via regulating the market • To minimize the harm of tobacco product | Tobacco product agency (TPA) would act as a health-oriented intermediary that would remove the marketing power of the tobacco industry from the supply chain | Act as an intermediary between the manufacturers and the distributors: take over the marketing component |
Callard [9] | • Transfer the responsibility of tobacco product manufacturing from a profit making to a non-profit making institution via taking over the work of the tobacco industry and achieve health goals • To reduce tobacco, use in a timely manner | A non-profit agency (NPE) with public health mandate to take over the work of the tobacco industry | Transfer the supply chain work to a non-profit agency removing the tobacco industry from the whole market |
Thomson et al. [18] | • Provide New Zealand government with a proposal on how to regulate the tobacco market • To maximize harm reduction and eliminate marketing of branded tobacco | Establish a government tobacco authority monopoly (to use an approach like the one suggested by Borland) | Similar to Borland but also proposes regulating the retailers by binding them to a license agreement |
Thomson el al [11] | • Eliminate the availability of commercial smoked tobacco within a 10-year period to reach ‘(near) zero’ sales • To be able to ensure the best health and social outcomes for people | A government agency that would run a ‘sinking lid’ quota on tobacco product to be auctioned to manufacturers and importers. The manufacturer can only sell the traded amount to distributors | The agency will be introduced before the manufacture in the supply chain and will provide suppliers with a tradable quota |
• Regulate the toxicity of tobacco products and entirely transition to less harmful products within a 5 year period • To shift consumers towards less harmful product | Suggests a government run tobacco marketing monopoly (to use an approach like the one suggested by Borland) | Same as Borland | |
Smith et al. [21] | • Introduce the concept of moving tobacco sales to government owned outlets as a progressive step towards the tobacco endgame | A government tobacco monopoly to regulate the pre-existing “government-operated alcohol retail monopolies”- to start selling tobacco product | A government tobacco monopoly be introduced to act as sole buyer from the manufacturers and remove the retailer from the supply chain and replace them by government operated retailers |